You probably know the story of Corrie Ten Boom and her family in the concentration camps in WWII. They weren’t Jews but hid some Jews in their house (The Hiding Place book and movie). She lost all her family in the camps. Her sister had great faith but feared death and Corrie comforted her by remembering what their father had once told her. “Father sat down on the edge of the narrow bed. “Corrie,” he began gently, “when you and I go to Amsterdam-when do I give you your ticket?” “When Corrie worries about the future, her father asks her when she is given the ticket to get on a train. I sniffed a few times, considering this. “Why, just before we get on the train.” “Exactly. And our wise Father in heaven knows when we’re going to need things, too. Don’t run out ahead of Him, Corrie. When the time comes that some of us will have to die, you will look into your heart and find the strength you need-just in time.“

I know Christians should not fear death. Martyrs like Polycarp were not afraid of death. “Polycarp’s steadfastness is highlighted in his refusal to deny Christ, even when threatened with death by burning and mauling by beasts. He viewed martyrdom not as something to be feared, but as an honor and a way to emulate Christ. He believed that true martyrs represented Christ in their actions surrounding death.” (AI) But I have to be honest. I do fear death. I blame my mom for all my fears! She was always trying to protect me from bad things that might happen. Don’t climb up high, you might fall. So I have acrophobia! Watch out for snakes, so I am afraid of snakes. My grandsons pick up non-poisonous snakes and handle them. My mom always knew of someone who had died from a minor injury or infection, like an infected toe. So even a little infection worries me. She was always cautious about checking the details of everything, so I am OCD. I do have faith that I will live eternally and never die (spiritually) just as Jesus promised, but I still have that fear of death and what it will be like to breathe your last breath and lose life in this body.  

That is why the story of Corrie and her sister Betsy is comforting to me. When it comes time to die, I hope that God will give me the comfort and strength that I need to face death courageously. I believe that he will.

I have a prayer that I make every day asking God to remove fear, doubt, worry, and stress from my mind, to help me to “cast all my anxiety on Him”. I admit that I am a worrier. Here’s what Corrie said about worry. ““Worrying is carrying tomorrow’s load with today’s strength-carrying two days at once. It is moving into tomorrow ahead of time. Worrying doesn’t empty tomorrow of its sorrow, it empties today of its strength. Trying to do the Lord’s work in your own strength is the most confusing, exhausting, and tedious of all work. But when you are filled with the Holy Spirit, then the ministry of Jesus just flows out of you.”

Here is the article some of these quotes from Corrie were taken from. https://emilybrookswriter.com/2022/07/24/waiting-for-your-ticket-the-courage-of-corrie-ten-boom/?scrlybrkr=f2f8117f

Paul was released from his 2 years in house arrest in Rome and made a final journey. He probably went to Spain, and then he went to Crete where he left Titus to correct false teachers on that island. He then went to Miletus (2 Timothy 4:20 where he left Trophimus ill) and Ephesus (or close by) where he left Timothy to correct false teachers in the church there. 1 Timothy 1:³ “I urge you, as I did when I was on my way to Macedonia, to remain in Ephesus so that you may instruct certain people not to teach different teachings ⁴ and not to occupy themselves with myths and endless genealogies that promote speculations rather than the divine training that is known by faith.” He then went to Troas (we know that b/c he left his cloak there, 2 Timothy 4:¹³ “When you come, bring the cloak that I left with Carpus at Troas, also the books, and above all the parchments.”) Paul wrote 2 Timothy after he was arrested again and put in prison in Rome to be beheaded by Nero shortly thereafter. He then went to Macedonia where he proably wrote a letter to Titus and the first letter to Timothy. He then probably visited Corinth (1 Timothy 4:20 “Erastus remained in Corinth”). He was making his way to Nicopolis (Titus 3: ¹² When I send Artemas to you, or Tychicus, do your best to come to me at Nicopolis, for I have decided to spend the winter there.” We don’t know if he made it to Nicopolis, but he was arrested either in Nicopolis or one the way to Nicopolis and put in prison in Rome where he would write 2 Timothy to Timothy. He would be beheaded by Nero in 66-67 AD or so.

Here is a great simple map of this last journey (I hope it shows up in this blog; here is the site to find the map and a discussion: https://www.thebiblejourney.org/). So this map will be the basis for a few blogs on the Pastoral Epistles (1, 2 Timothy and Titus). He probably visited Spain at some point in this journey. Evidence from early church fathers: Clement of Rome (a late first century bishop of the church in Rome), a contemporary of Paul, suggests that Paul did travel to the West, which is believed to be Spain. Other early church fathers like John Chrysostom and Cyril of Jerusalem also support the idea of a Spanish visit. The Muratorian Fragment: (170-200 AD) This early Christian text mentions Paul’s departure from Rome for Spain.

As stated in 1 Timothy 1:3 the main reason he left Timothy in Ephesus was to correct false teachers there. Timothy was an evangelist who had miraculous gifts of teaching, so he would have Biblical authority to correct false teachers. He describes the false teachers in several places in 1 Timothy.
The false teachers there are not the usual Judaizers that Paul fought constantly who tried to make circumcision of Gentile Christians a test of fellowship (that issue is never mentioned in 1 Timothy). They did created legalistic rules (in 1 Timothy 4:1-4 they forbade marriage). They are characterized by their focus on endless genealogies and myths (perhaps legends about Old Testament characters as found in the pseudepigraphic like the book of Enoch) writings, which lead to speculation rather than promoting God’s work of faith. They distort the law, using it to create legalistic rules (1 Timothy 4:1-4 they forbade certain foods which would probably be the forbidden unclean meats of Leviticus in the Law) and divisions rather than understanding its purpose in revealing sin and pointing to Christ. Ultimately, their teachings are motivated by a desire for prestige and personal gain, rather than genuine love and a pure heart. Paul even named two of the false teachers (1 Timothy 1:²⁰ among them are Hymenaeus and Alexander, whom I have turned over to Satan, so that they may be taught not to blaspheme.” Paul told Timothy that there might be some of the elders in Ephesus who needed to be rebuked by Timothy for false teaching or bad conduct (1 Timothy 5:17-22). Paul had warned the Ephesian elders about false teachers even among the elders (when he met with them at Miletus on his 3rd missionary journey). He had told the elders: Acts 20:²⁸ Keep watch over yourselves and over all the flock, of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God that he obtained with the blood of his own Son. ²⁹ I know that after I have gone, savage wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock. ³⁰ Some even from your own group will come distorting the truth in order to entice the disciples to follow them.” Paul gave a detailed description of the false teachers in 1 Timothy 6:³ Whoever teaches otherwise and does not agree with the sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ and the teaching that is in accordance with godliness ⁴ is conceited, understanding nothing, and has a morbid craving for controversy and for disputes about words. From these come envy, dissension, slander, base suspicions, ⁵ and wrangling among those who are depraved in mind and bereft of the truth, imagining that godliness is a means of gain.” They were preaching for money.

So, in trying to apply this particular situation of false teachers in Ephesus, what can be said of false teachers today. I came up with 3 tests for false teachers today.

1. They preach and teach with impure motives. They desire power, money, or sex (or some combo of these 3). 2 Peter 2:1 “But false prophets also arose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you, who will secretly bring in destructive opinions. They will even deny the Master who bought them—bringing swift destruction on themselves. ² Even so, many will follow their debaucheries, and because of these teachers the way of truth will be maligned. ³ And in their greed they will exploit you with deceptive words. Their condemnation, pronounced against them long ago, has not been idle, and their destruction is not asleep. ¹² These people, however, are like irrational animals, mere creatures of instinct, born to be caught and killed. They slander what they do not understand, and as those creatures are destroyed, they also will be destroyed, ¹³ suffering the wages of doing wrong. They count it a pleasure to revel in the daytime. They are blots and blemishes, reveling in their pleasures while they feast with you. ¹⁴ They have eyes full of adultery, insatiable for sin. They entice unsteady souls. They have hearts trained in greed. Accursed children!” It is hard to know the motives of teachers and preachers and we should be careful in judging anyone’s motives. But eventually a tree is known by its fruit and their motives will become more obvious. Jesus said: Matthew 7:¹⁵ “Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing but inwardly are ravenous wolves. ¹⁶ You will know them by their fruits. Are grapes gathered from thorns or figs from thistles? ¹⁷ In the same way, every good tree bears good fruit, but the bad tree bears bad fruit. ¹⁸ A good tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a bad tree bear good fruit. ¹⁹ Every tree that does not bear good fruit will be cut down and thrown into the fire. ²⁰ Thus you will know them by their fruits.” For example, a megachurch preacher who has a net worth of 30 million dollars (there are several of them) makes him (or her) a false teacher in my opinion. A paid preacher who is caught having affairs with some of the members of his church is another example (plenty examples of those). A preacher like Jim Jones (People’s Temple, the mass Guyana suicide)or David Karesh ( the Waco, Texas Branch Davidians) who claimed to be an inspired prophet who could freely have sex with the women in his flock are examples of false teaches with impure motives.
2. Their teaching will focus on controversial issues, intellectual debates, etc. instead of focussing on the central themes of the person and work of Jesus and daily Christian living. They might impose their own interpretations of scripture on others. They might be as described in Colossians 2:¹⁶ Therefore, do not let anyone condemn you in matters of food or drink or of observing festivals, new moons, or Sabbaths. ¹⁷ These are only a shadow of what is to come, but the body belongs to Christ. ¹⁸ Do not let anyone disqualify you, insisting on self-abasement and worship of angels, initiatory visions, puffed up without cause by a human way of thinking, ¹⁹ and not holding fast to the head, from whom the whole body, nourished and held together by its ligaments and tendons, grows with a growth that is from God.” We had a movement within the Restoration Churches (known as the Churches of Christ) of preachers who started making as tests of fellowship issues like using money from the treasury to help orphanages or using one cup in the Lord’s Supper or having kitchens in the church building. Those issues were not heaven/hell issues and should have been discussed and debated lovingly but instead they ended up in power struggles and many divisions within the churches.
3. Often false teachers will introduce teaching that is foreign to the basic teaching of the 27 books of the New Testament. For example, Christian Science adds all the writings of their prophetess Mary Baker Eddy (they also deny the deity of Jesus). The Jehovah’s Witnesses have their prophet founders Rutherford and Russell and their writings and a lot of rules they bind on their members. The Seventh Day Adventists have their prophetess Ellen White and her writings. The Mormons have the stories of Joseph Smith and his writings, as well as the book of Mormon which they say has equal authority as the New Testament. The Catholic church taught that the Pope would be the head of the church and that his papal decrees were equal authority to the decrees of the apostles. I would have to say that these are movements begun by false teachers and false prophets. We don’t need to judge those who are members of those movements (I know a Mormon man whom I think is a fruit of the Spirit Christian), but we must warn people about those false teachers and false prophets and their writings. We have to be careful before we call someone a false teacher. I know that in the church that I was raised in that our preachers called Baptist preachers and Billy Graham false teachers b/c those preachers didn’t preach baptism exactly like my church did (even though the Baptists taught the importance of immersion of those old enough to believe). My preachers acted like we had the correct teaching on every single doctrine and issue in the Bible, and that anyone who disagreed with our interpretations was a false teacher. Of course that led to many different lists of sectarian teachings that they couldn’t even all agree on. Conservative denominational preachers are not false teachers if their motives are pure. They might disagree on issues but they usually agree on the core teaching of the person and work of Christ and the requirements for Christian living. But I must mention that this latest LGBQT movement within some of the denominations (like the Methodists) is false teaching and should be condemned.
   

So I hope this give us the basic context of 1 Timothy 1 and some possible application to false teachers today. Paul said in 1 Timothy 3:15 that the church is the “church of the living God, the pillar and support of the truth.” Jude warned in Jude 3: I find it necessary to write and appeal to you to contend for the faith that was once and for all handed on to the saints. ⁴ For certain intruders have stolen in among you, people who long ago were designated for this condemnation as ungodly, who pervert the grace of our God into debauchery and deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.” Paul said in 2 Timothy 2:²³ Have nothing to do with stupid and senseless controversies; you know that they breed quarrels. ²⁴ And the Lord’s servant must not be quarrelsome but kindly to everyone, an apt teacher, patient, ²⁵ correcting opponents with gentleness. God may perhaps grant that they will repent and come to know the truth ²⁶ and that they may escape from the snare of the devil, having been held captive by him to do his will.” We must defend the faith in love, but we must correct those who really are false teachers and false prophets in order to protect those who would be led astray by them.

Does God send delusions on people that makes them believe lies? Some verses, on superficial reading, suggest that: 2 Thessalonians 2:¹¹ For this reason God will send upon them a deluding influence so that they will believe what is false, ¹² in order that they all may be judged who did not believe the truth, but took pleasure in wickedness.” Bert Thompson in his book, Creation Compromises, made some great comments on this.
“The simple fact of the matter, however, is that we are responsible for what we choose to believe. Using the personal volition with which God has endowed us, we may choose freely to believe the truth, or we may choose just as freely to believe error. The choice is up to each individual. And once an individual has made up his mind that he prefers error over truth, God will not deter him, as Paul made clear when he wrote his second epistle to the Thessalonians. In that letter, he spoke of those who “received not the love of the truth” (2: 10), and then went on to say that “for this cause God sends them a working of error, that they should believe a lie” (2 Thessalonians 2:11). What a horrible thought—to go through life believing a lie! But what, exactly, was Paul suggesting when he stated in 2 Thessalonians 2:11 that “God sends them a working of error, that they should believe a lie”? Was the apostle teaching that God purposely causes men to believe error? No, he most certainly was not. Paul’s point in this passage was that because God has granted man personal volition, and because He has provided within the Bible the rules, regulations, and guidelines to govern the use of that personal volition, He therefore will refrain from overriding man’s freedom of choice—even when it violates His law. God will not contravene man’s decisions or interfere with the actions based on those decisions. The prophet Isaiah had recorded God’s words on this subject many years before when he wrote: Yea, they have chosen their own ways, and their soul delights in their abominations: I also will choose their delusions, and will bring their fears upon them; because when I called, none did answer; when I spake, they did not hear: but they did that which was evil in mine eyes, and chose that wherein I delighted not (Isaiah 66:3-4). The psalmist recorded God’s words on this matter when he wrote: “But my people hearkened not to my voice; and Israel would not hear me. So I let them go after the stubbornness of their heart, that they might walk in their own counsels” (Psalm 81:11-12). In Romans 11:8, Paul (quoting from Isaiah 29:10) stated concerning the rebellious Israelites: “God gave them a spirit of stupor, eyes that they should not see, and ears that they should not hear.” “

In other words, God has provided all the revelation and confirmation (miracles) that we need to have the truth and believe the truth. If someone chooses not to believe the truth, then God might actually use his unbelief to send him a delusion that allows him to believe lies. That person is still choosing to believe the delusion, so God is not forcing him to violate his free will choices. So God is, in one sense, causing him to believe a lie. If God did not send the delusion, then that person would not believe the lie of that delusion.

When I was a principal of a Christian school in Birmingham, Al, a high school student was sent to me for discipline by an elementary school teacher. The student was throwing rocks near the playground of some small children in the teacher’s class. He was not throwing rocks at the students but the teacher told him to quit throwing rocks. He disobeyed her and kept throwing rocks. Again, not any real danger but he disobeyed the elementary teacher and she sent him to my office. I will never forget his answer when I asked him why he disobeyed a teacher, using his own logic that he was not even close to hitting a child and therefore the teacher command was unnecessary. He told me: “If she had not told me to stop throwing rocks then I would not have been guilty of disobeying her.” In other words, it was her fault to telling him to stop. He saw himself as guiltless in the matter. I don’t remember how I answered him, but I do remember taking my 2 foot long, one inch thick, wood paddle and giving him 3 licks (this was an 11th grader). We did that kind of thing back then! Paddling took care of a lot of little stuff. Today we use detention, etc. but the paddling seemed to be more effective in my opinion!

Back to the point. Sure, if God did not send that unbeliever a delusion that indirectly caused him to believe a lie, then that is one sin that the person would not commit and be guilty of. But God is not to blame for the person believing the delusion and lie. The person ultimately chose to follow the delusion and believe a lie of his own free will.

This helps explain how God hardened Pharoah’s heart. It sounds like God made Pharoah violate his own free will choices and refuse to allow the Israelites slaves go free. But it also says that “Pharoah hardened his heart” and “the plagues hardened his heart”. If God had not sent the plagues, then, like my student, that is one sin that he would not have had the opportunity to commit. So God, by sending the plagues on him could be said to have caused him to harden his heart and disobey God. But he had already hardened his heart, so God was just using a hardened sinner to show his power over the gods of Egypt in the plagues. Pharoah was still making his own choices.

That brings us to Romans 9:¹⁴ What shall we say then? There is no injustice with God, is there? Far from it! ¹⁵ For He says to Moses, “I will have mercy on whomever I have mercy, and I will show compassion to whomever I show compassion.” ¹⁶ So then, it does not depend on the person who wants it nor the one who runs, but on God who has mercy. ¹⁷ For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, “For this very reason I raised you up, in order to demonstrate My power in you, and that My name might be proclaimed throughout the earth.” ¹⁸ So then He has mercy on whom He desires, and He hardens whom He desires.

¹⁹ You will say to me then, “Why does He still find fault? For who has resisted His will?” ²⁰ On the contrary, who are you, you foolish person, who answers back to God? The thing molded will not say to the molder, “Why did you make me like this,” will it? ²¹ Or does the potter not have a right over the clay, to make from the same lump one object for honorable use, and another for common use?”

This on the surface sounds like Pharoah is not at fault for disobeying God. It sounds like God hardened his heart and that he did not have free will choice when the plagues came. “Who can resist God’s will?” implies that he could not resist God’s plan for him to disobey God b/c God predestined it. This is typical Calvinistic thinking and doctrine. According to pure Calvinism, a person really isn’t capable of just choosing to obey the gospel and become a Christian. First, he must be one of the elect or he is totally out of luck since Jesus only died for the elect (the “L” limited atonement in TULIP). One is in the elect based purely on the arbitrary choosing of God and not any conditions that the sinner meets (the “U” unconditional election in TULIP). If he is the elect, he still can’t just choose to believe. He is born in sin, totally depraved, and isn’t capable of believing (the “T” total hereditary depravity in TULIP). So God has to send His Spirit to enable his heart to believe. God only sends His Spirit on the elect. When He does send His Spirit on the elect to enable them to believe, they can’t resist the Spirit working on their heart (the “I” irresistible grace in TULIP). Once an elect person receives the Spirit and is able to believe, he is saved and cannot lose his salvation by sinning (the “P” perseverance of the saints in TULIP). That’s the famous TULIP of Calvinism.

But Pharoah had free will choice to obey God and let the slaves go free. He hardened his own heart even though God hardened his heart by sending the plagues, making him choose to obey or not. The plagues hardened his heart also. Once Pharoah hardened his heart, God has the right as God to use his hardened heart to disobey even more commands from God. God is the potter and man in the clay, and the potter has that right over the clay (Romans 9).

None of that is Calvinism. Calvinism goes against the principle of free will choices that God gives everyone. What kind of a God would keep anyone from just choosing to accept and obey Jesus? What kind of a God would keep someone from being able to believe b/c he is not one of an arbitrarily chosen group that is predestined to be saved? Calvinism means well in that it wants to give all the glory to God for saving sinners and not give glory to the choices of sinful men, but it goes to far.

So back to the first paragraph. Once a person hardens his heart in unbelief, God can send a delusion that makes them believe a lie and go further into sin. But the sinner has the ability to make free will choices in the whole process. God indirectly causes them to believe a lie by sending a delusion on them, but they freely choose to follow the delusion and believe the lie.

Before we look at those verses, let’s discuss the context of Matthew 12.

12:22-24 Jesus healed a demon possessed blind and mute man. The crowds are amazed and said, “This cannot be the Son of David, can it?” The title “Son of David” was a title for the Messiah to come, so they are wondering if this man Jesus is the Messiah. The Pharisees do not even try to deny that the miracle was done. Instead, they said that Jesus cast out demons by Beelzebul the ruler of the demons. The name Beelzebul is thought to be a corruption or parody of the Philistine god Baal-Zebub, who was worshipped by the Philistines in the city of Ekron.  Beelzebul is also a fallen angel in Milton’s Paradise Lost, ranking next to Satan. It is powerful proof of Jesus’ miracles when even his enemies can’t deny that the miracle has been done. The crowd would have argued with them that truly a miracle had been done.

12:25-27 Jesus point out how illogical it is to say that He is casting out demons by the power of Satan. That would be Satan casting out his own demons. A kingdom divided against itself cannot stand. The he pointed out their inconsistency and hypcocrisy. The Jews had their own exorcists who supposedly cast out demons (I doubt that they really did). In Ephesus Acts 19:¹¹ God was performing extraordinary miracles by the hands of Paul, ¹² so that handkerchiefs or aprons were even carried from his body to the sick, and the diseases left them and the evil spirits went out. ¹³ But also some of the Jewish exorcists, who went from place to place, attempted to use the name of the Lord Jesus over those who had the evil spirits, saying, “I order you in the name of Jesus whom Paul preaches!” ¹⁴ Now there were seven sons of Sceva, a Jewish chief priest, doing this. ¹⁵ But the evil spirit responded and said to them, “I recognize Jesus, and I know of Paul, but who are you?” ¹⁶ And the man in whom was the evil spirit, pounced on them and subdued all of them and overpowered them, so that they fled out of that house naked and wounded.” This incident in Ephesus shows that the Jewish exorcists really did not have power over the demons. They were fooling the people just like people like Bob Larsons does when he claims to cast out demons. Check out the videos of him casting out the demons of lust, greed, etc. and see if you think he is really casting out demons. I don’t.

12:28-29 Jesus then says that if he casts out demons by the Spirit of God (not by Satan) then that means that the kingdom of God had come to them. The kingdom of God or or heaven would be a spiritual kingdom, the church. Jesus’ 3 years of miracles would be proof that the “kingdom is near” as he preached in Mark 1:15; 4:17. His miracles should have gotten the Jews ready to accept that spiritual kingdom, the church, but they were expecting a physcial kingdom with power over the Romans just like the kingdom of David. He then gave a simple analogy. A robber can’t enter a man’s house and steal his possessions unless he is stronger than the owner of the house. The robber must overpower the owner and tie him up, and then he can rob him. Jesus casted out demons to show that he had more power than Satan, that He could bind Satan.

12:30-32 Jesus then warned against the blasphemy of the Holy Spirit. This is the sin that the Pharisees were committing by denying that the miracles of Jesus were being done by the Spirit, saying that they were done by the power of Satan. Jesus said that blaspheming the Son of Man could be forgiven. Someone might say that Jesus is not the Son of God, and yet later be convinced that he was (just as with the conversion of the blasphemer Saul).  “I was once a blasphemer, a persecutor, and an arrogant man” (1 Timothy 1:13). But God forgave him. But Jesus said that someone who blasphemes the Spirit would not be forgiven. So is that the “unpardonable sin”? I don’t think so. Someone might deny the miracles of Jesus but then later change his mind and believe that Jesus really did miracles. It doesn’t seem like God would not forgive that person, or even one of these Pharisees in this chapter. So what does it mean? I think it means that if the Pharisees see the miracles of Jesus firsthand and then say they are done by the power of Satan, then their hearts are so evil that they will never be converted or forgiven. Never be forgiven is based on the assumption that their hearts are so evil that they never will repent and believe in Jesus. That makes me think that the blasphemy of the Spirit cannot even be done today since no one actually witnesses the miracle of Jesus, and thus cannot deny those miracles first hand.

12:33-37 Jesus then said that the Pharisees’ blasphemous words against the Spirit was exposing their true evil character and hearts. A tree is known by its fruit, and their evil words were the fruit that showed that they were bad trees with bad hearts. In 70 AD they would be judged for their rejection of Jesus and His miracles!

12:38-42 The Pharisees then asked for a sign (sémeion: Sign, miracle, token, indication, wonder). That’s unbelievable! They are watching him do all the miracles. They never deny that he is doing actual miracles, but then they ask for a miraculous sign to prove that he is the Son of God, the Messiah. Jesus calls them an evil and adulterous (spiritual adultery) generation who crave after more miraculous signs when they would not believe in Jesus no matter what miracles he did. Jesus said that the only sign that would be given them was the sign of Jonah, that Jesus would be in the earth 3 days and nights like Jonah was in the belly of the fish. Of course that refers to his resurrection. The resurrection is the ultimate proof that Jesus is the Son of God, the Messiah, the Savior of the world. John did say that Jesus’ miracles would cause people to believe in Jesus. John 20:³⁰ So then, many other signs Jesus also performed in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book; ³¹ but these have been written so that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that by believing you may have life in His name.” But the agnostics say that the main source for the miracles of Jesus was his followers who were biased, and that their records of his miracles can’t be trusted. That could have some plausibility to skeptics. But the resurrection stand alone as an historical event. We examine the resurrection of Jesus using the same methods we use to determine if we really landed on the moon. Is there sufficient credible eyewitness testimony that we landed on the moon? Most of us believe there was even though we didn’t see the landing firsthand. Is there credible eyewitness testimony that Jesus was raised? Yes. The apostles had no ulterior motives to make up a fake resurrection story. They did not gain power, money, or sex. They all died a martyr’s death without any of them recanting their testimony. The enemies of Jesus admitted that the tomb was empty. Their explanation that the disciples stole the body while the guards were sleeping is implausible. Why didn’t they just go arrest the disciples and track down the stolen body if that were so. The disciples were hiding when Jesus was in the tomb and would not have had the courage to sneak past probably 4 armed Roman soldiers guarding the tomb. They would not have been able to sneak past 4 sleeping guards, remove the 2 ton stone, steal the body and sneak past the guards even if the guards really had been sleeping. Finally the resurrected Jesus appeared to Saul on the road to Damascus, converting him. Nothing short of that could possible have converted Saul. Jesus also appeared to James the Lord’s brother and converted him even though James did not believe that his brother was the Messiah when Jesus was alive. All the evidence says that Jesus was raised from the dead. That is the ultimate proof that Jesus is the Son of God, the Messiah, the Savior, that Chistianity is the only true religion, and that the Bible is the word of God. Paul made this point to the Athenian idol worshippers in Athens. Acts 17:³⁰ So having overlooked the times of ignorance, God is now proclaiming to mankind that all people everywhere are to repent, ³¹ because He has set a day on which He will judge the world in righteousness through a Man whom He has appointed, having furnished proof to all people by raising Him from the dead.”

The Pharisees rejected the miracles of Jesus. Jesus said that the men of Ninevah and the Queen of the South (Sheba) would rise up to judge that evil generation of Jews on their judgment day in 70 AD. The men of Ninevah accepted God’s message through Jonah and repented, but the Pharisees did not accept the signs that proved that Jesus was sent by the Father.

12:43-45 So we finally come to the passage in the title of this article, but I think it was necessary to look at the overall context of the chapter first, which we did. Matthew 12:⁴³ “Now when the unclean spirit comes out of a person, it passes through waterless places seeking rest, and does not find it. ⁴⁴ Then it says, ‘I will return to my house from which I came’; and when it comes, it finds it unoccupied, swept, and put in order. ⁴⁵ Then it goes and brings along with it seven other spirits more wicked than itself, and they come in and live there; and the last condition of that person becomes worse than the first. That is the way it will also be with this evil generation.”

We tend to try to apply this to us today instead of looking at those whom Jesus was referring to in this analogy. The passage is about the Pharisees whom Jesus was speaking to. This is the view taken by the Jewish Historian and Theologian Alfred Edersheim:

“He came back ‘with seven other spirits more wicked than himself’—pride, self-righteousness, unbelief, and the like, the number seven being general—and thus the last state—Israel without the foulness of gross idolatry and garnished with all the adornments of Pharisaic devotion to the study and practice of the Law—was really worse than had been the first with all its open repulsiveness. (The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah by Alfred Edersheim 2.201)

On the surface, the Pharisees and the Jews had “cleaned house” of idolatry after the return from Babylonian captivity. We read of no Jewish idolatry from 536 BC to the time of Jesus. The Pharisees had their self righteous hypocritical religious rituals, claiming to be opposed Satan, even having their exorcists who they said could cast out demons. That would be the “casting out of the unclean spirit” in the analogy. But there was a void in their faith b/c they would not believe in Jesus. That would be the spirit “returning to find the house unoccupied and swept clean” in the analogy. On the surface, the Pharisees looked like true religous followers of Yahewh but it was all superficial b/c they refused to accept the miracles of Jesus and believe in Him. So Satan was able to come back into their lives after they rejected Jesus and his miracles, making them more evil than ever. That would be the spirit “bringing 7 more wicked spirits to the house”. He then says that this is about that evil generation. “That is the way it will also be with this evil generation.” Josephus said that generation of Jews before 70 AD was the most evil that had ever lived. Several times Jesus said that “evil generation of Jews” would be judged and destroyed, and they were in 70 AD.

That is the original context of the passage. We can make application to us today. Many believe that it is sufficient to simply put way evil sins like murder and drunkenness, to be a good moral person. They say that it doesn’t matter what god or what religion one follows (Buddhism, Hinduism, etc.) as long as someone is sincere and tries to be a good person. They might even have many religious rituals they perform. But all that is a house that is “clean on the surface” but without faith in Jesus it is a house doomed to allow Satan to come in and make the person and his descendants evil.

I have another application taken from C.S.Lewis. He said that we try to remove evil thoughts, worry, doubt, fear, and stress-and sometimes we can do that for a while by quoting Bible verses. But he says that often we get rid of evil emotions for a while but don’t fill the void with love, and that leaves us vulnerable to worse evil emotions coming back. I see that. I try to get rid of all that bad stuff, but it always seems to return, often worse than at first. The problem might be that I don’t fill my heart with love. Love for God and for others. When my heart is filled with constant love, it will help keep those evil emotions from coming back. I will be so engaged with loving thoughts and deeds that my mind will not be drawn back to the evil emotions and thoughts. I thought that was a good application.

Paul’s conversion is a great proof for the resurrection of Jesus. He was feared by the Jewish Christians and none of them would have dared to try to convert him. It was only seeing the resurrected Jesus on the road to Damascus that convinced him that Jesus was the Son of God and the Messiah. He had been ascending in power among the Jews but gave that up to preach the gospel of Jesus, especially to the Gentiles. He preached the gospel for about 26 years or so. Often preachers will be motivated by money, power, or sex. Paul gained none of those by becoming a Christian. He actually spent most of those 26 years suffering for Christ.

2 Corinthians 11:²³ Are they servants of Christ?—I am speaking as if insane—I more so; in far more labors, in far more imprisonments, beaten times without number, often in danger of death. ²⁴ Five times I received from the Jews thirty-nine lashes. ²⁵ Three times I was beaten with rods, once I was stoned, three times I was shipwrecked, a night and a day I have spent adrift at sea. ²⁶ I have been on frequent journeys, in dangers from rivers, dangers from robbers, dangers from my countrymen, dangers from the Gentiles, dangers in the city, dangers in the wilderness, dangers at sea, dangers among false brothers; ²⁷ I have been in labor and hardship, through many sleepless nights, in hunger and thirst, often without food, in cold and exposure. ²⁸ Apart from such external things, there is the daily pressure on me of concern for all the churches. ²⁹ Who is weak without my being weak? Who is led into sin without my intense concern? ³⁰ If I have to boast, I will boast of what pertains to my weakness. ³¹ The God and Father of the Lord Jesus, He who is blessed forever, knows that I am not lying. ³² In Damascus the ethnarch under Aretas the king was guarding the city of the Damascenes in order to seize me, ³³ and I was let down in a basket through a window in the wall, and so escaped his hands.”

Some of these incidents are recorded in Acts. For example, in Acts 14:19ff Paul was stoned, dragged outside of the city, and left for dead in Lystra on his 1st missionary journey. In Acts 16:22-24 Paul and Barnabas were scourged in Philippi on the 2nd journey. In Acts 22:25 he was illegally flogged by a Roman commander in Jerusalem, not realizing that Paul was a Roman citizen. He was shipwrecked on the voyage to Rome as a prisoner in Acts 27 (although that had not happened yet when he wrote 2 Corinthians). I’m sure Paul had specific incidents in mind as he wrote 2 Corinthians 11.

Often he mentioned his suffering in general terms. The Lord warned him through Ananias when he was in Damascus when Ananias was giving Paul his commission from God: Acts 9:15-16 “But the Lord said to him, ‘Go, for he is a chosen vessel of mine to bear My name before Gentiles, kings, and the children of Israel. 16 For I will show him how many things he must suffer for My name’s sake.’” Paul faced death on many occasions. 2 Corinthians 4:⁸ we are afflicted in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not despairing; ⁹ persecuted, but not abandoned; struck down, but not destroyed; ¹⁰ always carrying around in the body the dying of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus may also be revealed in our body. ¹¹ For we who live are constantly being handed over to death because of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus may also be revealed in our mortal flesh. ¹² So death works in us, but life in you.” 2 Timothy 3:¹⁰ Now you followed my teaching, conduct, purpose, faith, patience, love, perseverance, ¹¹ persecutions, and sufferings, such as happened to me at Antioch, at Iconium, and at Lystra; what persecutions I endured, and out of them all the Lord rescued me! ¹² Indeed, all who want to live in a godly way in Christ Jesus will be persecuted.” 2 Corinthians 6:⁴ but in everything commending ourselves as servants of God, in much endurance, in afflictions, in hardships, in difficulties, ⁵ in beatings, in imprisonments, in mob attacks, in labors, in sleeplessness, in hunger, ⁶ in purity, in knowledge, in patience, in kindness, in the Holy Spirit, in genuine love, ⁷ in the word of truth, and in the power of God; by the weapons of righteousness for the right hand and the left, ⁸ by glory and dishonor, by evil report and good report; regarded as deceivers and yet true; ⁹ as unknown and yet well known, as dying and yet behold, we are alive; as punished and yet not put to death, ¹⁰ as sorrowful yet always rejoicing, as poor yet making many rich, as having nothing and yet possessing all things.” Paul had a thorn in the flesh that God would not remove, but even then he wrote in 2 Corinthians 12:⁹ And He has said to me, “My grace is sufficient for you, for power is perfected in weakness.” Most gladly, therefore, I will rather boast about my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may dwell in me. ¹⁰ Therefore I delight in weaknesses, in insults, in distresses, in persecutions, in difficulties, in behalf of Christ; for when I am weak, then I am strong.”

One of the most amazing statements by Paul is 2 Corinthians 4:¹⁶ Therefore we do not lose heart, but though our outer person is decaying, yet our inner person is being renewed day by day. ¹⁷ For our momentary, light affliction is producing for us an eternal weight of glory far beyond all comparison, ¹⁸ while we look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen; for the things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal.” He called all those things he suffered “momentary, light affliction”! Momentary compared to eternity, but “light” affliction?

No wonder Paul was ready during his house arrest in Rome, even hopeful, that he might be able to just go on and be with the Lord. Philippians 1:²¹ For to me, to live is Christ, and to die is gain. ²² But if I am to live on in the flesh, this will mean fruitful labor for me; and I do not know which to choose. ²³ But I am hard-pressed from both directions, having the desire to depart and be with Christ, for that is very much better; ²⁴ yet to remain on in the flesh is more necessary for your sakes.” He was convinced at that time that he would be released and able to visit the Philippians again. Philippians 1:²⁵ Convinced of this, I know that I will remain and continue with you all for your progress and joy in the faith, ²⁶ so that your pride in Christ Jesus may be abundant because of me by my coming to you again.” He was released from his 2 years of house arrest in Rome and made another missionary journey, probably even went to Spain which he had long wanted to do.

His tone is totally different in 2 Timothy in his 2nd imprisonment in Rome in 64 AD. He had made that 4th journey, leaving Titus in Crete, Timothy in Ephesus, probably arrested in Macedonia and carried to Rome. Probably to a dungeon this time. 2 Timothy 4:⁶ For I am already being poured out as a drink offering, and the time of my departure has come. ⁷ I have fought the good fight, I have finished the course, I have kept the faith; ⁸ in the future there is reserved for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day; and not only to me, but also to all who have loved His appearing.” He tells Timothy to come to him “soon”, “before winter”. He probably doesn’t survive the winter before he is beheaded by Nero. But he is still confident. 2 Timothy 4:¹⁸ The Lord will rescue me from every evil deed, and will bring me safely to His heavenly kingdom; to Him be the glory forever and ever. Amen.”

We Gentile Christians all over the world owe so much to the apostle Paul. He suffered so much to lay the groundwork of Christianity among the Gentiles. Christianity eventually was legalized and spread throughout the Roman Empire. The Catholic church was corrupt but did spread Christianity all over the world. Protestantism spread to those of us in America. Christianity might have just breen another Jewish sect if it had not been for Paul. It is amazing what God accomplished with one man to spread the gospel to the Gentiles.

It just dawned on me that Paul would probably have been one of those martyrs mentioned in Revelation. Revelation 7:⁹ After these things I looked, and behold, a great multitude which no one could count, from every nation and all the tribes, peoples, and languages, standing before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed in white robes, and palm branches were in their hands. ¹³ Then one of the elders responded, saying to me, “These who are clothed in the white robes, who are they, and where have they come from?” ¹⁴ I said to him, “My lord, you know.” And he said to me, “These are the ones who come out of the great tribulation, and they have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb. ¹⁵ For this reason they are before the throne of God, and they serve Him day and night in His temple; and He who sits on the throne will spread His tabernacle over them. ¹⁶ They will no longer hunger nor thirst, nor will the sun beat down on them, nor any scorching heat; ¹⁷ for the Lamb in the center of the throne will be their shepherd, and will guide them to springs of the water of life; and God will wipe every tear from their eyes.”

Revelation was written about 65 AD and Paul was beheaded about 64 AD. If those dates are correct, Paul would have been one of those martyrs in white robes that were already enjoying heaven when the book of Revelation was written.

Thank you Paul. I know you are enjoying your reward in heaven. We look forward to talking with you some day, hearing the stories of your journeys first hand.

So what happened after Saul was baptized in Damascus by Ananias? Acts 9:19 “Now for several days he was with the disciples who were in Damascus, ²⁰ and immediately he began to proclaim Jesus in the synagogues, saying, “He is the Son of God.” ²¹ All those hearing him continued to be amazed, and were saying, “Is this not the one who in Jerusalem destroyed those who called on this name, and had come here for the purpose of bringing them bound before the chief priests?” ²² But Saul kept increasing in strength and confounding Jews who lived in Damascus by proving that this Jesus is the Christ.”

I find it interesting that his first proclamation was “He is the Son of God.” That was what Christians had been saying about Jesus that made Saul want to kill them for blasphemy. Now he has a simple message: “He really is the Son of God.” The Muslims tells us that God does not have a Son, that Christians added that doctrine, that Jesus was only a prophet who never claimed to be the Son of God. Saul saw the resurrected Jesus and that was sufficient proof to him that Jesus really was the Son of God. Saul also confounded the Jews in Damascus by “proving” that this Jesus is the Christ. The Greek word for proving is sumbibazó: To unite, to bring together, to instruct, to prove. Thayer’s says this means “to cause a person to unite with one in a conclusion or come to the same opinion, to prove, demonstrate“. It can imply the act of proving or concluding something through logical reasoning or evidence.

So how would Saul prove that Jesus was the Christ (the Greek translation of the Hebrew word Messiah)? The method is this. He would show all the predictions made by the Old Testament prophets that the Messiah would have to fulfill in order to prove that he was the Messiah. Examples would be Micah 5:2 that he must be born in Bethlehem. His lineage would have to be from David as shown in Matthew’s genealogy in Matthew 1. He would have to do many miracles such as sight to the blind, etc. as predicted in Isaiah 35. He would have to fulfilled all the predictions in Isaiah 53 about being pierced, scourged, hung between 2 thieves, buried in a rich man’s tomb, and raised from the dead. There were more of these predictions. Saul would show all these predictions and then tell how Jesus fulfilled every single one of them, the most important of which was Jesus’ resurrection the which Saul is now a witness of. The conclusion of this argumentation would be that Jesus was the predicted Messiah. Faith in Jesus is based on such logical, rational arguments. It is not just a fell good religion. It is not just an accept it by blind faith relgion. In Acts 17:31 God “gave proof that Jesus would judge the world by raising him from the dead.” God gave us plenty of proof that Christianity is the only true religion.

This was the method Saul used in the synagogues in trying to convert Jews. Acts 17:1 “Now when they had traveled through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue of the Jews. ² And according to Paul’s custom, he visited them, and for three Sabbaths reasoned with them from the Scriptures, ³ explaining and giving evidence that the Christ had to suffer and rise from the dead, and saying, “This Jesus whom I am proclaiming to you is the Christ.” Again, rational logical reasoning giving proof or evidence from the Old Testament Scriptures using the same method as in Acts 9:19-22. Notice in these verses that specific evidence was given that the Christ had to suffer and rise from the dead. That prediction would be from Isaiah 53 mainly where he was a “man of great pain” (53:3), pierced for our offenses (53:5 his crucifixion), by his wounds we are healed (53:5), oppressed and afflicted (53:7), and that He would see His offspring and prolong his days (53:10 his resurrection after death. The Jews could not imagine a Messiah who would die such a horrible suffering death, not to mention a subsequent resurrection. But Saul (called Paul by the time of Acts 17:1-3) showed them that Jesus’ death did not disqualify him from being the Messiah, and that his resurrection was predicted. The Jews simply missed the entire fulfillment of Isaiah 53 by Jesus. Unbelieving Jews today still miss it. It is amazing that they can be so blind to the fulfillment of Isaiah 53 which is in their Old Testament Scriptures.

What happened next is a little difficult to sort out. Galatians 1:¹⁵ But when He who had set me apart even from my mother’s womb and called me through His grace was pleased ¹⁶ to reveal His Son in me so that I might preach Him among the Gentiles, I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, ¹⁷ nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me; but I went away to Arabia, and returned once more to Damascus.” This suggests that he went to Arabia after his conversion very soon after his conversion. This was right after Acts 9:20-22 where he did some immediate proclaiming Jesus to be the Son of God and Messiah. Either that or his trip to Arabia came immediately after his convfersion but was very short such that it could still be said that he began proclaiming Christ in Damascus immediately after his conversion.

How long did he stay in Arabia? Galatians 1:¹⁸ Then three years later I went up to Jerusalem to become acquainted with Cephas, and stayed with him for fifteen days. ¹⁹ But I did not see another one of the apostles except James, the Lord’s brother.” Most say that he was in Arabia 3 years, but Acts 9 says that ²³ When many days had elapsed, the Jews plotted together to do away with him, ²⁴ but their plot became known to Saul. They were also closely watching the gates day and night so that they might put him to death; ²⁵ but his disciples took him at night and let him down through an opening in the wall, lowering him in a large basket.” So he spent many days in Damascus before the plot to kill him. So the 3 years of Galatians 1:18 is probably the total of 3 years spent in Arabia and Damascus after his conversion and not just 3 years in Arabia.

What did he do during that time, however long it was, in Arabia? We don’t know. Pure speculation but he perhaps spent time reflecting on his conversion. He makes it a point in Galatians 1 to say that he received his gospel directly from Jesus and not from the other apostles, so perhaps the Holy Spirit spent a lot of time with him instructing him in the new covenant teachings and how he was to preach the gospel to the Gentiles. To me, this time is when the Spirit would make it clear to Paul that the Gentile converts would not have to be circumcised or keep the Law.

After 3 years (total time in Damascus and Arabia after his conversion, probably from AD 33-36) a plot to kill Saul was discovered and the disciples lowered him in a basket through the wall to safety and he fled from Damascus to Jerusalem. Details of this plot and escape are given in 2 Corinthians 11:³² In Damascus the ethnarch under Aretas the king was guarding the city of the Damascenes in order to seize me, ³³ and I was let down in a basket through a window in the wall, and so escaped his hands.”

So after 3 years he went to Jerusalem. Galatians 1:Galatians 1:¹⁸ Then three years later I went up to Jerusalem to become acquainted with Cephas, and stayed with him for fifteen days. ¹⁹ But I did not see another one of the apostles except James, the Lord’s brother.” Again, he is showing that he did not spend enough time in Jerusalem get his particular method of teaching of the gospel to the Gentiles (which did not include making them be circumcised) from the apostles in Jerusalem. I spent two whole years in a school of preaching that highly influenced how I preached the gpspel for the next many years after that. But Paul makes it a point to say that he only spent 15 days, hardly enough to get a complete school of preaching certificate from the apostes. Plus he only saw Peter and James the Lord’s brother. It is interesting that Paul calls James an apostles since he was not. The James who was one of the original 12 apostles was beheaded in Acts 12. James the Lord’s brother was converted and became a pillar of the church in Jerusalem, but he was not one of the 12 apostles. The Greek word for apostle just means “one sent” so it had a generic usage in addition to being used of the origiinal 12 apostles.

Acts 9 gives us more detail about what he did after his escape to Jerusalem. Acts 9:
²⁶ When he came to Jerusalem, he tried repeatedly to associate with the disciples; and yet they were all afraid of him, as they did not believe that he was a disciple. ²⁷ But Barnabas took hold of him and brought him to the apostles and described to them how he had seen the Lord on the road, and that He had talked to him, and how he had spoken out boldly in the name of Jesus at Damascus. ²⁸ And he was with them, moving about freely in Jerusalem, speaking out boldly in the name of the Lord. ²⁹ And he was talking and arguing with the Hellenistic Jews; but they were attempting to put him to death. ³⁰ Now when the brothers learned of it, they brought him down to Caesarea and sent him away to Tarsus. ³¹ So the church throughout Judea, Galilee, and Samaria enjoyed peace, as it was being built up; and as it continued in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit, it kept increasing.” I assume that these verses describe the 15 days of Galatians 1:18 that he spent in Jerusalem 3 years after his conversion, after he escaped the death plot. Apparently Barnabas brought him to the apostles and told them of Saul’s seeing Jesus on the road and his conversion. But also apparently from Galatians 1:18,19 he only spent time with Peter in Jerusalem during that 15 days, but he was allowed to roam around Jerusalem freely, preaching the gospel during the 15 days.

So we have now tracked Saul from his conversion through the first 3 years in Damascus and Arabia and his escape to Jerusalem after 3 years where he spent 15 days. Acts 9:30 says that after that 15 days he was threatened again and the brethren sent him off to Tarsus, his hometown, where he apparently spent most of the next 14 years up to the Jerusalem conference in Acts 15 in about 40 AD. During that 14 years Barnabas came to Tarsus to get him and they spent a year in the new church in Antioch of Syria. Acts 11:²² The news about them reached the ears of the church in Jerusalem, and they sent Barnabas off to Antioch. ²³ Then when he arrived and witnessed the grace of God, he rejoiced and began to encourage them all with ^[u]resolute heart to remain true to the Lord; ²⁴ for he was a good man, and full of the Holy Spirit and faith. And considerable numbers were added to the Lord. ²⁵ And he left for Tarsus to look for Saul; ²⁶ and when he had found him, he brought him to Antioch. And for an entire year they met with the church and taught considerable numbers of people; and the disciples were first called Christians in Antioch. During that year in Antioch he made a 2nd visit to Jerusalem as recorded in Acts 11:²⁷ Now at this time some prophets came down from Jerusalem to Antioch. ²⁸ One of them, named Agabus, stood up and indicated by the Spirit that there would definitely be a severe famine all over the world. And this took place in the reign of Claudius. ²⁹ And to the extent that any of the disciples had means, each of them determined to send a contribution for the relief of the brothers and sisters living in Judea. ³⁰ And they did this, sending it with Barnabas and Saul to the elders.” He apparently made his first missionary journey with Barnabas during that year in Antioch, which took 6-9 months.

Here is a very good outline of all this time sequence. https://www.dwellcc.org/essays/chronological-study-pauls-ministry#:~:text=Paul%20described%20his%20conversion%20in,%E2%80%9D%20(2:1).

A. The period from Paul’s conversion until the 1st trip to Jerusalem.

1. (Acts 9-12). Paul was converted on the road to Damascus
2. He entered Damascus and stayed there for an unknown amount of time (Acts 9:19)
3. Paul went to Arabia for an unspecified period, and returned to Damascus afterward (Gal.1:17).
4. The whole period from his conversion until his departure from Damascus is given as “3 years” (Gal.1:18)
5. He went to Jerusalem after this, and stayed for 15 days (Acts 9:26-29; Gal.1:18)

B. The period from the 1st visit until the 2nd visit to Jerusalem.

1. After the 15 days at Jerusalem, Paul was sent away to avoid capture, and sailed from Caesarea to the regions of Syria and Cilicia (Acts 9:30; Gal.1:21)
2. After a period ranging from 8 to 14 years, Paul traveled to Antioch with Barnabas and stayed for 1 year in Antioch (Acts 11:25; Gal.1:21-2:1 see below).
3. Paul then traveled to Jerusalem from Antioch, staying for a short time. This was in connection with the collection taken up in Antioch because of Agabus’ vision (Acts 11:27-30; Gal.2:1). He then returned to Antioch.

C. The period from the 2nd until the 3rd visit to Jerusalem.

1. After the relief visit (2nd visit) to Jerusalem, Paul returned to Antioch.
2. Very soon afterwards, the 1st missionary journey began.
   • Paul, Mark, and Barnabas traveled from Antioch to Seleucia, the nearest port, then to Cyprus.
   • Then they went to Pamphylia which lies to the north of Cyprus in modern day Turkey.
   • From there, they went to Galatia, as far as the city of Derbe, but without Mark, who went home.
   • Then they went back through the same cities in the opposite direction.
   • Finally, they sailed from Perga back to Antioch of Syria.
   • This entire journey lasted from six to nine months, concluding before the storms of winter would have stopped ship travel in the Mediterranean.

Next comes the debate: Galatians 2:1 Then after an interval of fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus along also.” Was the trip to Jerusalem after 14 years the same trip as the visit to Jerusalem in Acts 15 for the conference to settle the issue of Gentile converts being forced to be circumcised. Or was it the trip to Jerusalem mentioned in Acts 11:27-30 where he carried famine relief money to the church in Jerusalem.

Here is a great article discussing this debate. https://evidenceunseen.com/new-testament/galatians/difficulties/is-this-passage-referring-to-the-council-of-jerusalem-in-acts-15-or-is-it-something-else The author of this article takes the view that the visit to Jerusalem in Galatians 2:1 was not the visit to Jerusalem for the conference in Acts 15. He show the similarities between Acts 15 and Galatians 2, but then points out the differences. I encourage you to read the article. He says that the visit to Jerusalem in Galatians 2:1 is the visit to Jerusalem in Acts 11:27-30 for famine relief. I think I agree with the author.

His main points that persuade me. 1) Acts mentions 3 visits to Jerusalem after his conversion (a visit after 3 years in Acts 9, a visit for famine relief in Acts 11, and a visit for the conference in Acts 15). Galatians only mentions two visits to Jerusalem (after 3 years in Acts 9 and then 14 years later Galatians 2:1). He is very specific about not going to Jerusalem any more than those two visits, so it seems that 2nd visit in Galatians 2:1 would have to be the 2nd visit in Acts 11.

2) Galatians 2 is private discussion with Peter, James, and John but Acts is a very public discussion. It would be reasonable that, if Galatians 2:1 is the same visit as Acts 11:27-30, Paul would visit the 3 men in private to discuss Gentile circumcision since he had only been to Jerusalem once 11 years earlier (the Acts 9 visit 3 years after his conversion. The same subject would be discussed later on his 3rd visit to Jerusalem in Acts 15 for the conference, but that debate was public and fueled by the Jewish brethren iinisting that Gentile converts be circumcised. The private discussion in Galatians 2 and Acts 11 was fueled by Paul himself.

3) It seems that, if the Galatians 2:1 visit was the same as the Acts 15 conference visit, Paul would have mentioned the letter that the conference came up with to send to all the churches. Instead, in Galatians 2 they just shake hands in agreement that the Gentile converts don’t have to be circumcised. Also in Galatians 2 Paul brings Titus as a test case of a Gentile convert who was not required to be circumcised and that is not mentioned at all in Acts 15.

4) In Galatians 2, even after the agreement Paul reached with Peter, James, and John, then later Peter on a visit to Antioch vacillates quickly later and is influenced by men from James (who is back in Jerusalem) to quit eating with the Gentile Christians. It seems unlikely that Peter, who was a main spokesman in Acts 15 of not requiring Gentile converts to be circumcised, would vacillate after the Acts 15 conference and do what is described in Galatians 2:¹¹ But when Cephas came to Antioch, I opposed him to his face, because he stood condemned. ¹² For prior to the coming of some men from James, he used to eat with the Gentiles; but when they came, he began to withdraw and separate himself, fearing those from the circumcision. ¹³ The rest of the Jews joined him in hypocrisy, with the result that even Barnabas was carried away by their hypocrisy.” That vacillation seems like it more likely occured after just a brief private discussion with Paul in Galatians 2:1-10 on Paul’s 2nd visit to Jerusalem in Acts 11. Barnabas also vacillates in Galatians 2 in Antioch and it seems unlikely he would vacillate so quickly after being a main spokesman in Acts 15 if that were the same visit.

The author gives other reasons, but the ones discussed here convinced me. See what you think. Not a major issue at all, but some very interesting Bible study!

Wow that ended up long! But I hope it covers the 14 years following Saul’s conversion up to the Galatians 2:1 second visit to Jerusalem which was the 2nd visit to Jerusalem in Acts found in Acts 11:27-30. Thanks for reading!