Some of the verses of “Only the lonely” by Roy Orbison:
Only the lonely Know the way I feel tonight Only the lonely Know this feeling ain’t right. But only the lonely Know why I cry Only the lonelyOnly the lonely Only the lonelyOnly the lonely Know the heartaches I’ve been through Only the lonely Know I cry and cry for you.
Of course, that song was about him losing his sweetheart, his baby, but it epitomizes how the lonely feel. Maybe he is right. Only the lonely can understand how being lonely feels. David knew how it felt.
Psalm 25:16 Turn to me and be gracious to me, for I am lonely and afflicted.17 The troubles of my heart are enlarged; bring me out of my distresses. 18 Consider my affliction and my trouble, and forgive all my sins. The Hebrew word for lonely is yachid: Only, solitary, unique, beloved. It is often translated “only”, or “only one” or “only son” but twice it is translated “lonely” (here and Ps 68:6).
Psalm 68:6 God makes a home for the lonely;
I guess I should be writing my own words on loneliness, but sometimes it is good just to quote from someone who already has great words on a topic,and such is the case here.
Gotquestions.org has a good article on loneliness.
“Being alone and being lonely are two different things. One can be alone without being lonely, and one can be lonely in a crowded room. Loneliness is, therefore, a state of mind, an emotion brought on by feelings of separation from other human beings. The sense of isolation is very deeply felt by those who are lonely. The Hebrew word translated “desolate” or “lonely” in the Old Testament means “one alone, only; one who is solitary, forsaken, wretched.” There is no deeper sadness that ever comes over the mind than the idea that we are alone in the world, that we do not have a friend, that no one cares for us, that no one is concerned about anything that might happen to us, that no one would care if we were to die or shed a tear over our grave.
No one felt loneliness more keenly than David. In a series of earnest, heartfelt appeals to God, David cried out in his loneliness and despair. His own son had risen up against him, the men of Israel went after him, and he was forced to flee from the city, and leave his house and family. Lonely and afflicted (Psalm 25:16), his only recourse was to turn to God and plead for mercy and God’s intervention (Psalm 25:21) because his only hope was in God. It is interesting to note that the word “lonely” is never used in the New Testament to describe people. In the New Testament, the word “lonely” only occurs twice and both times refers to desolate places (Mark 1:45; Luke 5:16), where Jesus moved off into the wilderness to be alone.
Whatever the cause of loneliness, for the Christian the cure is always the same—the comforting fellowship of Christ. That loving relationship with our Master has reassured and encouraged countless thousands who languished in prisons and even went to their deaths for His sake. He is the friend who “sticks closer than a brother” (Proverbs 18:24), who lays down His life for His friends (John 15:13-15), and who has promised never to leave us or forsake us but to be with us until the end of the age (Matthew 28:20). We can take comfort in the words of the old hymn that says it best: “Friends may fail me, foes assail me, He is with me to the end. Hallelujah, what a Savior!””
Some great thoughts. “Being alone and being lonely are two different things. One can be alone without being lonely, and one can be lonely in a crowded room.” I like being alone, and don’t always feel lonely when I am alone, though sometimes I am alone and lonely. I can be in a crowd and feel isolated and lonely if I am not fitting in. ” Loneliness is, therefore, a state of mind, an emotion brought on by feelings of separation from other human beings.” Sometimes I want to be alone, to not be part of the group. Our family made trips to Puerto Rico and Costa Rica in the last two summers. I am a pain to travel with b/c i am always worrying about something that might go wrong, about plane delays, about some of our family missing a flight, about not making it to the ferry on time to get to the island we were staying in, about someone getting hurt on the trip, about the best place to stay, about catching the flight home on time. I worry for the whole group, not just for myself. I actually thought to myself, “maybe it would be better if I just stayed home and let them go. Less stressful for me and for them also b/c they handle every situation easily. But then I thought, “as soon as I stay home and they fly out, I will feel a deep sense of isolation and loneliness.” So I go and try to deal with the stress. It really helps when they completely take over the planning of the trip and handle any situations that come up.
I think back to my college days. I was raised in Birmingham, Alabama and spend my first year of college at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. I was miserable the whole time. I had friends, but not close friends. I kept myself busy with studying (engineering courses), but I headed home to B’ham as soon as that last class ended on Friday. I delayed going back to T-town as long as I could, usually going back on Sunday evening or even Monday morning at times. My girlfriend and wife to be was back in B’ham and I missed her. I didn’t have a cell phone or face time. The only communication I got from her was a letter she usually sent on Monday and I would get it on Wednesday. I would write her a letter on Monday and she would get it on Wednesday. We found those mushy letters recently and just laughed at them. I think I can say that I truly felt lonely. Finally, after one year in Tuscaloosa, I decided, “Why am I doing this?” I came home and spent the next 2 1/2 finishing my engineering degree at UAB back when UAB was one building only in the south side of B’ham. But I was happy being back at home. I saw my girlfriend more, but it wasn’t just that. I just enjoyed being in my home, my own room, not having a bunch of guys around in the dorm or apartment we stayed in. I was lonely in Tuscaloosa even though I wasn’t alone, but I wasn’t lonely in B’ham even though I was alone.
So what advice might I give to someone who is lonely. First of all, if you aren’t happy where you are, change if you can. Why be unhappy and lonely if you can help it? David had no choice. Saul was pursuing him in the wilderness for 10 years. He could not go home to his parents. He had to leave them in the care of the king of Moab (1 Samuel 22:4-14). I was able to go home to live with my parents in B’ham. It wasn’t like I did a lot of things with them while I finished my degree at UAB. It was just being at home with them. I lived pretty much independent even while I was in my parents’ house. But I wasn’t lonely.
If you are lonely and would like to change your circumstances, but you can’t, then what can you do. There might be many reasons that you can’t change them. Maybe work or school related. Maybe financial. Of course here is where we cite Bible verses about God will always be with you and never forsake you. Maybe your family or friends forsake and leave you, but He never will.
1 Peter 5:7“Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you”.
Psalm 27:9-10“Do not leave me nor forsake me, O God of my salvation. When my father and my mother forsake me, then the Lord will take care of me”.
Psalm 73:23-25“Nevertheless I am continually with You; You have taken hold of my right hand. You will guide me with Your plan”.
Isaiah 41:10“Fear not, for I am with you; be not dismayed, for I am your God; I will strengthen you, I will help you, I will uphold you with my righteous right hand”
Maybe a closer and deeper relationship with God is the key to dealing with loneliness. From AI on the internet: “While there isn’t a direct translation of “lonely” in the New Testament, the Greek word most closely associated with the concept of loneliness is “eremos,” which means “desert place” or “solitude,” often used to describe Jesus going to secluded areas to be alone.” It is no coincidence that Jesus went to these solitary places to pray when under duress. Luke 5:15 But the news about Him was spreading even farther, and large crowds were gathering to hear Him and to be healed of their sicknesses. 16 But Jesus Himself would often slip away to the wilderness (erémos: Desert, wilderness, solitary place, desolate)and pray. Mark 1:45 But he went out and began to proclaim it freely and to spread the news around, to such an extent that Jesus could no longer publicly enter a city, but stayed out in unpopulated areas (eremos); and they were coming to Him from everywhere.” Jesus just had to escape the people coming to him. It wasn’t that He didn’t love them or have compassion for them and their sicknesses. I mean he healed everyone who came to him and culled no one. But he needed his time alone with God in prayer, and that necessitated getting rid of all the distractions, pressures, and stressers. We need that kind of time alone with God. Get rid of all the clutter. Turn the phone off. Close the ipad. As Jesus said, get in a closet and pray. Like the movie, have a “Prayer room” dedicated to silence and prayer. Seek the wisdom and guidance of God. Maybe you are lonely where you are, but maybe God has you there for a reason and it would be bad to leave before He can accomplish HIs plans for you. Maybe you just need to tough it out until you think God is changing plans for you. Maybe being happy is not the main thing. If so, you need a prayer room to get the strength to keep doing God’s plan even if you are lonely. Jesus found those desert places, prayed alone with God, and then found the strength to go back to healing all those people he temporarily avoided.
If you are lonely but can’t change your circumstances, or even if you could change them but feel you need to stick it out so God can use you where you are to do HIs plans, then here is another suggestion. “A friend sticks closer than a brother” is a quote from the Bible, Proverbs 18:24. Often a good friend can help you deal with loneliness. Even more so than a family member perhaps. Maybe you don’t share a lot of things with your companions or coworkers or teammates. Maybe they like to do things that you don’t approve of, like drinking parties. Maybe you don’t approve of how they talk or gossip or curse. But a good friend is one you can talk to, share you feelings of loneliness with. Maybe just you and your friend can sit and talk or go somewhere or relax and watch TV or a movie. You might not even talk. You might just be there quietly for one another. God is the one we should really rely one for comfort in our loneliness, but that comfort of God is a spiritual thing of faith that you can’t see or touch. But often God uses close friends to give us His comfort. Pauls spoke of this in 2 Corinthians 1:3 Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies and God of all comfort, 4 who comforts us in all our affliction so that we will be able to comfort those who are in any affliction with the comfort with which we ourselves are comforted by God”. Good friends empathize and comfort each other with the comfort that God gives each one. I do have a few close friends that I get comfort from, and I am thankful for that.
One other suggestion. Go out serving others in some way. Go find a widow to visit and talk with. Go feed the poor at a local food bank. Go play with some young kids and take them somewhere and buy them candy. Go visit someone else’s grandparents if your grandparents are not near by. Go to a Bible study in a small group. Get an online Bible course to guide you in a deeper Bible study of a Bible book or topic. Get a friend or friends to join you in a small group. That will give you something to look forward to.
BTW this blog article is dedicated to someone I love and respect who asked me to write an article on loneliness. She might have just been joking b/c I have been flooding emails with numerous Biblical articles on Daniel, the 2nd coming, Romans 9-11, etc. Pretty heavy reading. But I decided to write that article on loneliness for her.
Romans 11:25 Lest you be wise in your own sight, I do not want you to be unaware of this mystery, brothers:[k] a partial hardening has come upon Israel, until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. 26 And in this way all Israel will be saved, as it is written, “The Deliverer will come from Zion, he will banish ungodliness from Jacob”;27 “and this will be my covenant with them when I take away their sins.”
Romans 11:27 is considered to quote from the Old Testament prophet Isaiah, specifically from passages like Isaiah 59:20-21 and Isaiah 27:9, although the exact wording aligns most closely with the Septuagint translation of these verses, which is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible used by early Christians;.
2 main questions from Romans 11:25-27: 1) Who is the “all Israel” that will be saved, and when will “all Israel be saved”? 2) What and when is the “fulness of the Gentiles”?
First of all, I must acknowledge that my interpretation of this passage comes from a full preterist view. That is important b/c that view eliminates futuristic interpretations of the passage. Many scholars believe that the passage is still to be fulfilled in our future, that it refers to the 2nd coming and a salvation of the Jewish people in the future. The full preterism view is that the 2nd coming was in 70 AD, so that would eliminate futuristic views completely. You can read my articles on the 2nd coming to. get a study of the full preterist view if you chose, but in this article I won’t defend the full preterism view.
Having said that, how do I answer those 2 main questions? Let’s look at the context of Romans 9-11. Those 3 chapters describe the process of saving the remnant of Israel (those who would believe that Jesus is the Messiah and be saved in the church) and the grafting in of the Gentile believers into the new covenant church along with the Jewish believers.
Key thoughts in these 3 chapters. 9:4 They are Israelites, and to them belong the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the worship, and the promises. That would be fleshly Israel, that nation of Israel in the OT. 9:6 But it is not as though the word of God has failed. For not all who are descended from Israel belong to Israel, 7 and not all are children of Abraham because they are his offspring, but “Through Isaac shall your offspring be named.” 8 This means that it is not the children of the flesh who are the children of God, but the children of the promise are counted as offspring. “All who are descended from Israel” would be fleshly Israel, the nation. But “belong to Israel” would be the remnant of Israel who would believe in Jesus as the Messiah and be saved in the church. Those would be “the children of God, the children of promise”. “It is not the children of the flesh (the nation) who are the children of God”. In other words, not all who are of the fleshly Israel are in the remnant, only those Jews who believe in Jesus. “It is not as though the word of God has failed”. God made promises in the OT to save Israel in the Messianic Age. For example, Isaiah 27:9 “Therefore by this the guilt of Jacob will be atoned for, and this will be the full fruit of the removal of his sin” (quoted in Romans 11:27). The OT prophets spoke of “restore the fortunes of Israel” (Jeremiah 30:3,7,18; 32:44; 33:7,11; Amos 9:13-15). The cities will be rebult, Israel will return to their land and will dwell securely in the land. Israel will be saved (Jeremiah 33:16 “In those days Judah will be saved, and Jerusalem will dwell securely. And this is the name by which it will be called: ‘The Lord is our righteousness.’” God would make a new covenant with Israel (Jeremiah 31:31 “Behold, the days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah) in which he would “forgive their iniquity and remember their sins no more” (Jeremiah 31:34 For I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sin no more.”) Jeremiah 31:36 “If this fixed order departs from before me, declares the Lord, then shall the offspring of Israel cease from being a nation before me forever.” The future of Israel would be as certain as the fixed order of the sun, moon, and stars in their orbits.
Now, on the surface, this looks as if these passages predict that the entire Jewish nation would be restored to the power of the nation under King David, that the nation of Israel would get and keep all the Promised Land forever in the Messianic Age, that the entire nation of Israel would be saved. But Paul says that “not all Israel belong to Israel” (Romans 9:6). He also says that these OT promises for Israel’s restoration and salvation have been fulfilled at the tiime he wrote Romans (“it is not as though the word of God has failed” Romans 9:6). This shows that those OT promises were made to the nation, but only the remnant (those Jews who accepted Jesus as the Messiah) would be the recipients of those promises. So, were those promises fulfilled phycially or is this figurative language? The remnant Jewish church did not receive the Promised Land that Joshua conquered. They did not rebuild cities. They did not restore the power of the kingdom under David. But they were saved spiritually and were the recipients of the OT promises. Therefore, those promises must be figurative language. Jesus said in John 18:36 “My kingdom is not of this world. If my kingdom were of this world, my servants would have been fighting, that I might not be delivered over to the Jews. But my kingdom is not from the world.” Jesus said in Matthew 21: 43 “Therefore I tell you, the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given to a people producing its fruits.” Israel was God’s kingdom on earth in the OT (Exodus 19:6 and you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation). God took that kingdom away from the fleshly nation of Israel and gave it to the church kingdom nation (of Jewish and Gentile believers). 1 Peter 2:9 But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession. Revelatiiion 1:5 “To him who loves us and has freed us from our sins by his blood 6 and made us a kingdom, priests to his God and Father, to him be glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen.” The OT promises made to Israel were: 1) Spiritual, not physical, in nature; 2) Fulfilled only by the remnant of Jewish believers and not the entire nation.
Let’s move on to Romans 9:22 What if God, desiring to show his wrath and to make known his power, has endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, 23 in order to make known the riches of his glory for vessels of mercy, which he has prepared beforehand for glory— 24 even us whom he has called, not from the Jews only but also from the Gentiles? 25 As indeed he says in Hosea, “Those who were not my people I will call ‘my people,’ and her who was not beloved I will call ‘beloved.’” 26 “And in the very place where it was said to them, ‘You are not my people,’ there they will be called ‘sons of the living God.’” 27 And Isaiah cries out concerning Israel: “Though the number of the sons of Israel[c] be as the sand of the sea, only a remnant of them will be saved, 28 for the Lord will carry out his sentence upon the earth fully and without delay.” 29 And as Isaiah predicted, “If the Lord of hosts had not left us offspring, we would have been like Sodom and become like Gomorrah.”
Notice that most of the Jewish nation were “vessels of wrath prepared for destruction”, i.e. the Jews who rejected Jesus as the Messiah would be destroyed, a prediction of the judgment on the Jews in 70 AD when the Romans destroyed the city of Jerusalem and the temple and one million Jews were killed (according to Josephus). But God called the remnant who believed in Jesus as the Messiah to be saved, along with Gentiles who believed in Jesus as the Messiah. In 9:27 Paul quotes Isaiah 10:22. I like Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible “The remnant shall return”,…. This is said in allusion to Shearjashub, the name of Isaiah’s son, Isaiah 7:3 which signifies “the remnant shall return”, and was imposed on him, to give assurance of it; meaning, either that they should return from the Babylonish captivity, as they did, or to God by repentance; or rather the sense is, they shall turn to the Lord, be converted to Christ, to the faith and obedience of him, as some of them were when he came, a few, not all, only a remnant, as it is explained in the next clause”. In other words, Isaiah 10:22 could be a Messianic prediction of the remnant of believing Jews, which is the way Paul used it in Romans 9:27. For sure, Paul is saying that only a remnant of the nation of Israel would be saved in the Messianic Age. Remember that b/c in 11:27 he will say “all Israel will be saved”. Same language as chapter 9. The “Israel” of 11:27 would be the same remnant, spiritual church Israel as in ch 9. The “will be saved” would only refer to the remnant being saved and not the entire nation. Too many scholars intepret 11:27 based on their views of a future 2nd coming in which the nation of Israel will be retored to the Promised Land instead of examinng the context of chapter 9.
Paul concludes chapter 9, saying 9:What shall we say, then? That Gentiles who did not pursue righteousness have attained it, that is, a righteousness that is by faith; 31 but that Israel who pursued a law that would lead to righteousness did not succeed in reaching that law. 32 Why? Because they did not pursue it by faith, but as if it were based on works. They have stumbled over the stumbling stone, 33 as it is written, “Behold, I am laying in Zion a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offense; and whoever believes in him will not be put to shame.” This is discussing the unbelieving Jews and why they missed out on the spiritual promises of salvation by the Messiah. These would be the “vessels of wrath prepared for destruction”. Why did they miss out? B/c they pursued the Law to earn salvation by keeping the Law and became self righteous, not feeling that they needed the grace and forgiveness that Jesus came to bring the remnant. They were invited to receive that, but their self righteousness kept them from receiving it. “Many are called but few chosen” (Mt 22:14). BTW Calvinism says that only the arbitrarily predetermined elect are called, but Jesus says that not all those called will be chosen for salvation. Also, Paul in Romans 9:30-33 says that the Jews who did not accept Jesus as the Messiah did so off their own freewill choice, that they did so b/c they pursued the Law as a means of righteousness (which cannot save) instead of a means of leading them to the saving righteousness of Jesus (which can save). Does that sound like Calvinism where the elect really don’t have a choice. Paul says that the Jews had a choice, but made the wrong choice in how they pursued the Law. Read the article I wrote on Ephesians 1:15 for a more thorough discussion of predestination and Calvinism.
I know all this figurative fulfillment of OT prophecies for Israel is heresy to those who expect Jesus to set up a physical kingdom at his 2nd coming and that he will restore the nation of Israel to their land forever, but please consider the context of Romans 9. The OT promises to restore the fortunes of Israel and to restore them their land had been fulfilled when Paul wrote Romans. They were fulfilled only in and for the remnant Jews who accepted Jesus as the Messiah. Those OT promises were not fulfilled physically for the nation. Therefore, those OT promises must have been fulfilled spiritually and only for the remnant. I’m sure that could be put in some syllogistic reasoning. Syllogistic reasoning is a type of deductive argument that uses two premises to reach a specific conclusion. Here are some examples of syllogistic reasoning: All mammals are animals, camels are mammals, therefore camels are animals. Maybe, 1) All the OT promises for Israel in the Messianic Age were fulfilled for only the remnant by the time Paul wrote Romans. 2) Those promises were not fulfilled pysically for the nation when Paul wrote Romans. 3) Those promises could only be fulfilled spiritually for the renmnant, not the whole nation. I knowfigurative language can be confusing or even misleading. The Jews expected the OT promises to be fulfilled literally, for the power of the nation of Israel to be restored and a resoration to the Promised Land to be held forever. I can see why why would think that. That is also the reason they rejected Jesus, i.e. b/c he came to establish a spiritual kingdom, not physical. They expected the Messiah to defeat Israel’s enemies, the Romans, but he said he came to destroy spiritual, not physical, powers of the darkness. Even the apostles expected a physical kingdom, even after the resurrection. Acts 1:6 Then they gathered around him and asked him, “Lord, are you at this time going to restore the kingdom to Israel?” In other words, “Lord you didn’t restore the kingdom to Israel (physcially) while you were alive, but now we get it, now you are going to restore it to Israel?” Had they forgotten Mt 21:43 “Therefore I tell you that the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given to a people who will produce its fruit.” The kingdom would not only not be restored to the nation, but it would be taken away from the nation. Remember, Jesus used figurative language a lot. He said that the fulfillment of Malachi 4:5 “See, I will send the prophet Elijah to you before that great and dreadful day of the Lord comes” was in John the Baptist, not the literal man Elijah coming. Mt 11:13 For all the Prophets and the Law prophesied until John. 14 And if you are willing to accept it, he is the Elijah who was to come. Mt 17:11 Jesus replied, “To be sure, Elijah comes and will restore all things. 12 But I tell you, Elijah has already come, and they did not recognize him, but have done to him everything they wished. In the same way the Son of Man is going to suffer at their hands.” 13 Then the disciples understood that he was talking to them about John the Baptist”.
I wish those who expect a literal fulfillment of OT promises to Israel would be consistent. In the same “restore the fortunes of Israel” passages of Jeremiah 33:7,11, it predicts 33:17 “For thus says the Lord: David shall never lack a man to sit on the throne of the house of Israel, 18 and the Levitical priests shall never lack a man in my presence to offer burnt offerings, to burn grain offerings, and to make sacrifices forever.” Would they not have to say that, since they expect the restoration of Israel to be still in our future, then 33:17 would be fulfilled in our future at the same time? If so, do they expect that when Jesus returns that Christians will go back to having a Levitical priesthood that burns animal sacrifices? That would be a total contradiction of the whole book of Hebrews. No, the literalists would probaly say, “Oh, well that part was fulfilled spiritually”. Do you see how inconsistent their interpretation is? Literal in 33:7, 11 but figurative in 33:17,18. Now, the unbelieving Jews today still expect both the restoration of Israel and the restoration of the Levitical priesthood to be fulfilled when the real Messiah comes in our future (they don’t believe Jesus was the Messiah). At least they are consistent, even if they are totally wrong! Why can’t the literalists see that they are making the same mistake that the unbelieving Jews made when they expected a literal fulfillment of the OT promises to Israel?????? They then might start preaching that the kingdom of God, of heaven, of Jesus is the church and that there is not physical kingdom to be set up at his 2nd coming.
They might even then examine the predictions of Jesus that his 2nd coming would be in the lifetime of those he was speaking to. Mt 11:23 `And whenever they may persecute you in this city, flee to the other, for verily I say to you, ye may not have completed the cities of Israel till the Son of Man may come. Mt 16:27 `For, the Son of Man is about to come in the glory of his Father, with his messengers, and then he will reward each, according to his work. 28 Verily I say to you, there are certain of those standing here who shall not taste of death till they may see the Son of Man coming in his reign. Notice “the Son of Man is about to come” That is the Greek word mello, and it always means “about to be, about to happen”. Thankfully Young’s Literal Translation (YLT) translates it correctly in Mt 16:28. Most translations just say “is going to come”. Jesus is a false prophet if his 2nd coming was not imminent, about to happen, or if some listening to him would not be alive when he returned in his reign or kingdom (same Greek word, basileia: Kingdom. Mt 24:29 “And immediately after the tribulation of those days, the sun shall be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from the heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken; 30 and then shall appear the sign of the Son of Man in the heaven; and then shall all the tribes of the earth smite the breast, and they shall see the Son of Man coming upon the clouds of the heaven, with power and much glory.” This coming of the Son of Man had to occur within the generation of those Jesus was talking to. Mt 24:34 Verily I say to you, this generation may not pass away till all these may come to pass. That word for generation is genea which always is used in the NT of a 40 year period or the people living in a 40 year period, like we speak of the x or z generation. Mt 1 has 42 generations of the genealogy of Jesus which covers about 2,000 years. In the chapter before Mt 24, Jesus had just predicted judgment on the Jews for killing the prophets and the apostles. He told them Mt 23:36 “verily I say to you, all these things shall come upon this generation.” The word generation clearly refers to that generation of Jews that were currently alive when he spoke. They are the ones who will be judged in about 40 years in 70 AD. Jesus told Caiaphas in Mt 26:64 Jesus saith to him, `Thou hast said; nevertheless I say to you, hereafter ye shall see the Son of Man sitting on the right hand of the power, and coming upon the clouds, of the heaven.’ We don’t know when Caiaphas died, but I believe Jesus is not a false prophet. Caiaphas must have lived to at least see the beginning of the 2nd coming in judgement on the Jews. These are the only 4 passages where Jesus predicts his 2nd coming. They all say that his 2nd coming would be within the lifetime of those he was speaking to, that it was “about to” happen. I challenge you to find any othe passage in the gospels where he predicts a “coming” that would not be within their lifetime. It is not to be found. Would that not be strange if a 2nd coming that is still in our future was never even predicted by Jesus in the gospels? Well, I guess I got into full preterism after all, but I still hope you will read my article “The 2nd coming” for a more thorough disscussion.
Back to Romans! Romans 10:3 “For, being ignorant of the righteousness of God, and seeking to establish their own, they did not submit to God’s righteousness. 4 For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes.” This verse again shows that they had the freewill to not submit to God’s righteousness. Why would Paul blame them for not submitting if they did not have the freewill to either accept or submit (as Calvinism teaches)? It also shows again, as 9:32, that their problem was that they pursued the Law as a means of righteousness. The Law was given to show them that they could not obtain righteousness by Law keeping b/c no one could keep the Law perfectly, and the Law did not provide for eternal forgiveness of sisn by animal sacrifices. If someone understood that, they would gladly accept Jesus and receive the righteousness which is by faith in Jesus, the reckoned or imputed righteousness that Paul spoke of in Romans 4:2 “for if Abraham by works was declared righteous, he hath to boast — but not before god; 3 for what doth the writing say? `And Abraham did believe God, and it was reckoned to him — to righteousness;’ 4 and to him who is working, the reward is not reckoned of grace, but of debt; 5 and to him who is not working, and is believing upon Him who is declaring righteous the impious, his faith is reckoned — to righteousness: 6 even as David also doth speak of the happiness of the man to whom God doth reckon righteousness apart from works.” Then in Philippians 3:9 “not having my righteousness, which [is] of law, but that which [is] through faith of Christ — the righteousness that is of God by the faith.” That reckoned righteousness which comes by faith is Romans 10:9 because, if you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. 10 for with the heart doth [one] believe to righteousness, and with the mouth is confession made to salvation.” It comes by faith and not keeping the Law (or any law).
Paul then brings up a possible objection: Romans 10:18 But I ask, have they not heard? Indeed they have, for “Their voice has gone out to all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world.” Maybe all fleshly Jews did not have the opportunity to hear the gospel and believe? Paul says that the gospel had been preached to the ends of the (Roman) world. Colossians 1:”23 if also ye remain in the faith, being founded and settled, and not moved away from the hope of the good news, which ye heard, which was preached in all the creation that [is] under the heaven, of which I became — I Paul — a ministrant.” Paul says that the gospel had been preached to the whole Roman world (empire) by the time he wrote Colossians in about 62 AD. Then Paul gives another possible objection, Romans 10:19 “But I ask, did Israel not understand?” Well, they probably didn’t understand the need for the gospel, but it wasn’t b/c they were not capable of understanding. It certainly wasn’t b/c only the predestined elect could understand by “I” (irresistible grace in Calvinism) when God would send His Spirit basically allowing and forcing the elect to be able to believe (Calvinism). Paul says that they simply refused to believe. Romans 10:21 But of Israel he says, “All day long I have held out my hands to a disobedient and contrary people.” They could have chosen to believe but refused to. It is amazing to me how Calvinists use Romans 9-11 as a proof text of their teaching when the context refutes Calvinism over and over.
All this might sound like God has rejected the whole nation of Israel. Paul anticipated that thought. Romans 11:”I ask, then, has God rejected his people? By no means!” He had rejected those Jews who refused to accept Jesus as Messiah and prepared them as vessels of wrath for destruction in 70 AD. But Romans 11:5 “So too at the present time there is a remnant, chosen by grace. 6 But if it is by grace, it is no longer on the basis of works; otherwise grace would no longer be grace.” God had not rejected the remnant of Jews who would believe in Jesus as the Messiah. Back to the remant idea. Yes, “chosen” but chosen by grace through faith; not the chosen of Calvinism (the elect chosen with irresistible grace without their freewill choice to believe or not). Romans 11:7 What then? Israel failed to obtain what it was seeking. The elect obtained it, but the rest were hardened, 8 as it is written, “God gave them a spirit of stupor, eyes that would not see and ears that would not hear, down to this very day.” If you didn’t read the context of chapters 9 and 10, you might say this is pure Calvinism in these verses. The “elect” obtained salvation and grace but God gave a stupor of unbelief that made them not believe in Jesus???? The context of chapters 9 and 10 show that the Jews had the freewill choice to accept Jesus as the Messiah or not. It shows why they failed to accept Jesus as the Messiah, i.e. they pursued the Law as a means of righteousness, which implies they were to blame and would be held accountable for their unbelief. In Calvinism, you have to blame God if someone is lost b/c He has arbitrarily predestined some to be lost regardless of their freewill choices. Again, Calvinism is wrong. Paul explains how God gave them a “spirit of stupor” that they could not see or hear. How did God do that? By somehow making their hearts unable to believe? No. Romans 11:9 And David says, “Let their table become a snare and a trap, a stumbling block and a retribution for them; 10 let their eyes be darkened so that they cannot see,and bend their backs forever.” The design of salvation was the death of Jesus on a cross like a common criminal. That was an intentional design to weed out those who would not accept God’s plan b/c of their pride. The cross would be a stumbling block to the Jews b/c they were looking for physical blessings and kingdom. 1 Corinthians 1:21 for, seeing in the wisdom of God the world through the wisdom knew not God, it did please God through the foolishness of the preaching to save those believing. 22 Since also Jews ask a sign, and Greeks seek wisdom, 23 also we — we preach Christ crucified, to Jews, indeed, a stumbling-block, and to Greeks foolishness, 24 and to those called — both Jews and Greeks — Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God,25 because the foolishness of God is wiser than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men.” In spite of Isaiah 53 predicting the death of the Messiah, they did not expect the Messiah to die.
Paul anticipates another thought. Romans 11:11 “So I ask, did they stumble in order that they might fall? By no means!” By this he means was the stumbling of the unbelieving Jews a permanent thing that left them with no hope? By not means, he says. “Rather, through their trespass salvation has come to the Gentiles, so as to make Israel jealous. 12 Now if their trespass means riches for the world, and if their failure means riches for the Gentiles, how much more will their full inclusion mean!” So, if those unbelieving Jews eventually see the Gentiles saved and are filled with jealousy, and if they change and accept Jesus as the Messiah, they can be saved. That would be their “full inclusion” (YLT). That would mean that, when you add them to the ones who initially accepted Jesus as the Messiah, you then have the “full” remnant that will be saved before 70 AD. BTW this pretty well answers the question in 11:27 “who is the all Israel who will be saved”. It is when the entire remnant is gathered by 70 AD by the preaching of the gospel in the whole Roman empire. Jesus spoke of this “gathering of the elect from the four winds” in Mt 24:31 And he will send out his angels with a loud trumpet call, and they will gather his elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other. We have to assume that there were many such Jews who initially rejected the gospel but later accepted it and were added to the church. Paul warns the Gentile believers not to be arrogant toward any unbelieving Jews who later believe. He says that if God did not spare the unbelieving natural branches (the unbelieving Jews) b/c of their unbelief, then He will not spare Gentile believers fall away. Those unbelieving natural branches (unbelieving Jews) were cut off the tree, but they will be grafted back into the tree (just as the Gentile believers were grafted into the tree) if they repent and later believe in Jesus. BTW doesn’t this help up with the 11:27 “the fulness of the Gentiles”? The language of 11:12, “the full inclusion”, meant when all the remnant was saved and gathered. So does that mean that the “fulness of the Gentiles” would be similar, i.e. when all the Gentile believers were gathered by 70 AD? Maybe so.
That brings us to the actual topic we started with. Romans 11:25 Lest you be wise in your own sight, I do not want you to be unaware of this mystery, brothers:[d] a partial hardening has come upon Israel, until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. 26 And in this way all Israel will be saved, as it is written, “The Deliverer will come from Zion, he will banish ungodliness from Jacob”; 27 “and this will be my covenant with them when I take away their sins.” Again, 2 main questions from Romans 11:25-27: 1) Who is the “all Israel” that will be saved, and when will “all Israel be saved”? 2) What and when is the “fulness of the Gentiles”?
Hopefully we have already seen that the “all Israel will be saved” refers to the gathering of all the remnant of the Jews who believed in Jesus as the Messiah. This gathering of the remnant would take place when “The Deliverer will come from Zion, he will banish ungodliness from Jacob”; 27 “and this will be my covenant with them when I take away their sins.” This is a quote from Isiah 59:20 “And a Redeemer will come to Zion, to those in Jacob who turn from transgression,” declares the Lord.21 “And as for me, this is my covenant with them,” says the Lord: “My Spirit that is upon you, and my words that I have put in your mouth, shall not depart out of your mouth, or out of the mouth of your offspring, or out of the mouth of your children’s offspring,” says the Lord, “from this time forth and forevermore.” There is a lot of debate on this quote b/c Isaiah says “to Zion” and Romans 11:27 says “from Zion”. You have to think that this is in reference to the 2nd coming, coming to Zion (Jerusalem) to establish the new covenant of Isaiah 59:21 where he will saved the remnant and take away their sins. You can research the “to” or “from” Zion if you want to dig deeper, but it is safe to say that 11:27 is referring to the 2nd coming of Jesus. In Mt 24, the elect remnant would be gathered (24:31) within that generation (24:34) and the 2nd coming (24:30) would be within that generation. So the timing and event match.
The fulness of the Gentiles. 11:27 “the fulness of the Gentiles”? The language of 11:12, “the full inclusion”, meant when all the remnant was saved and gathered. So does that mean that the “fulness of the Gentiles” would be similar, i.e. when all the Gentile believers were gathered by 70 AD? Maybe so. There was a process of natural branches being broken off, Gentile believers being grafted in, and then unbelieving Jews who later believed being grafted back in this Messianic church kingdom tree. All this would be fulfilled by 70 AD and the 2nd coming. That doesn’t mean that the process would stop after that. There would continue to be Jews and Gentiles converted, but Paul is peaking specifically of the process developing by 70 AD when the plan of redemption was finally realized. Here is a good statement AI from the internet. “The fullness is the state of being fully included in the covenant. A transitional period between Christ’s great commission and the destruction of Jerusalem (and the sacrificial system).” So by 70AD the gentiles are now fully included in the covenant.ApHere is a great image of that from pinterest.
Paul closes with this doxology: Romans 11:33 Oh, the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are his judgments and how inscrutable his ways!” God’s plan from all eternity was to save Jews and Gentiles who would accept His Son as the Messiah who died for their sins, and unite them in one body, the church. That was the mystery of Ephesians 3. Revelation 10:7 but that in the days of the trumpet call to be sounded by the seventh angel, the mystery of God would be fulfilled, just as he announced to his servants the prophets. What a great statement. Who would have ever thought that this would be God’s plan of salvation. Amazing!
I hope this is beneficial to you. Long but it needs a careful examination.
Were the 4 gospel really written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? Were they written early, or as some say, in the late first century (if so, not written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John b/c they died before 70 AD. Here is the liberal view on all that.
According to Bart Ehrman, the four gospels were written in the following order:
Mark: Written around 70 CE
Matthew and Luke: Written around 80–85 CE
John: Written around 90–95 CE
Bart Ehrman has said that the Gospels were written and circulated anonymously, and that Christian leaders later attributed them to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John:
I believe all 4 gospels were written before 70 AD. First, let’s look at the 3 synoptics: Matthew, Mark, and Luke. There is one main proof for me. All 3 predict in detail the destruction of the temple and city of Jerusalem to happen in the future after writing the gospels. A whole chapter in each gospel predicts that: Mt 24, Mk 13, and Lk 21. There are many other such predictions in the gospels, like the parable of the wheat and tears in Mt 13, but we will
focus on those 3 chapters. For example, Mt 24 predicts several events to be fulfilled within that generation (24:34 Truly, I say to you, this generation will not pass away until all these things take place.). Mk 13 and Lk 21 do the same thing. The word genea in the NT always refers to a 40 year period or the people living in a 40 year period. For example, Mt 1 lists 42 generations from Abraham to Jesus, which is about 2,000 years. Mt 23:36 Truly, I say to you, all these things will come upon this generation. The word genea there obviously is referring to the generation of Jews that Jesus is speaking to.
Now, if Matthew was written after AD 70, don’t you think that he (or whoever wrote the gospel) would have said that prediction of 70 AD was already fulfilled, proving Jesus to be a true prophet? Matthew often quotes prophecies, like the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem (Mt 2), showing the fulfillment of that prophecy. Surely he would have done that with the Mt 24 prediction if it had already been fulfilled when he wrote the gospel. That means that the predictions in Mt 24 had not been fulfilled at the time of writing of the gospel. That means that the gospel was written before 70 AD.
For example, suppose we found an old, old book about the persecution of Jews in history, but we don’t know when it was written. Suppose that it tells about AD 70, about the killing of Jews in the Crusades, the killing of Jews during the Black Plagues (some blamed the Jews for the plague), etc. But suppose that it did not discuss the Holocaust. To me, that means that the book was written before the Holocaust happened. That means the book was written before 1945 AD. Do you see the point?
The gospel of John is a different case, but I believe that it was written before 70 AD (in spite of tradition saying that he wrote Revelation in 96 AD. Why do I believe that? The main reason is that I believe that he died before 70 AD. The church father Papias (60-130 AD) said that John died a martyr’s death as the hands of the Jews (he did not give a date). He supported that saying the John died a martyr just like Jesus had predicted that the brothers James and John would die. Jesus predicted that James and John would be martyred in the Bible, in Mark 10:35–45. In this passage, Jesus tells the brothers that they will “drink the cup I drink and be baptized with the baptism I am baptized with”. We know James the apostle was martyred by Herod in Acts 12. The only time John could have been killed by the Jews would have to be before 70 AD. A million Jews died in the siege of Jerusalem and 200,000 were carried away captive (according to Josephus who was present during the siege). Most say John lived to the year 100 AD and died a natural death, but that would contradict what Jesus predicted. Also, if he died as a martyr around 100 AD, surely there would be church father testimony to that fact, but there is none. The Jews did not have the ability to kill Christians around 100 AD. There is just the speculation that he wrote Revelation in 96 AD based on the statement of one church father (Irenaeus, 130-202 AD). That statement is not even clear as to what he is saying. But the internal evidence of the book of Revelation says that it was written during the reign of Emperor Nero (54-68 AD). Rev 17:9 This calls for a mind with wisdom: the seven heads are seven mountains on which the woman is seated; 10 they are also seven kings, five of whom have fallen, one is, the other has not yet come, and when he does come he must remain only a little while. Refer to my Revelation articles for a more thorough discussion but the seven kings here are the first 7 emperors of Rome starting with Julius Caesar. I know many historians say that the first emperor was Augustus, but Josephus at least twice says that Augustus was the 2nd king, not the 1st, and Josephus lived at that time and would know who was considered to be the first king of Rome, i.e. Julius. Also Seutonius, (a Roman biographer, 69-122 AD) wrote The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, beginning with Julius, not Augustus. So, at the time of writing Revelation, 5 kings were dead, “fallen” (Julius through Claudius), the 6th, “one is”, is reigning when the book is written, i.e. Nero (54-68 AD). So the book had to be written before Nero died in 68 AD. That certainly fits the Papias statement that John died a martyr’s death at the hands of the Jews. If John died before 70 AD, then obviously he wrote his gospel of John, and his letters (1,2,3 John and Revelation) before he died in 70 AD. There is some internal evidence also that John wrote his gospel before 70 AD. John 5:1 After this there was a feast of the Jews, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. 2 Now there is in Jerusalem by the Sheep Gate a pool, in Aramaic[a] called Bethesda,[b] which has five roofed colonnades. He says there “was” a feast that Jesus went to (past tense) but then he says there “is” a pool in Jerusalem (present tense). The pool was Bethesday was still there when he wrote the gospel. After 70 AD, there would no longer be a pool there since the Romans destroyed everything. Like wise with Rev 11: 1Then I was given a measuring rod like a staff, and I was told, “Rise and measure the temple of God and the altar and those who worship there. The temple was still standing and Jews worshipping there when he wrote Revelation. It was destroyed in 70 AD, so the letter had to be written before 70 AD.
I hope this establishes that the 4 gospels were written before 70 AD. That means they were written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, since the early church would have rejected a forgery gospel while the 4 men were still living. The church fathers of the 2nd century all accepted the 4 gospels as being written by the 4 men. That’s why they were put in the NT canon later. In his work Against Heresies, Irenaeus of Lyons argued that there should be four Gospels because of the four zones of the world, the four winds…Irenaeus declared that the four he espoused were the four pillars of the Church: ‘it is not possible that there can be either more or fewer than four‘ he stated, presenting as logic the analogy of the four corners of the earth and the four winds (1.11. 8). The early church fathers quoted or cited the 4 gospels thousands of times as Scripture. Would they have done that if the 4 gospels were written by anonymous authors? If they accepted the 4 gospels as authentic and rejected many other gospels (like the gospel of Mary Magdelene, etc), then would they not have also rejected the 4 gospels unless they were very confident that they were genu
Why is it so important to establish the early date of writing of the 4 gospels? If they were written before 70 AD, then those who read the gospels would have been able to refute their authenticity, authorship, the stories and miracles they recorded. If they claimed a resurrection of Jesus within 40 years of his resurrection in 30 AD, then people living before 70 AD would have had the opportunity to refute that resurrection. If I claiimed that a certain man was raised from the Maple Hill Cemetry 10 years ago, then people could research that and either refute it or verify it. If I said a that man was raised 50 years ago, there would be very few living that could verify that or refute it. If the miracles of Jesus were mere legend, as well as his resurrection, as many claim them to be, then 20 or 30 years would not be enough time for a legend to be established. If the gospels were written anonimously by whoever in the late first century, how would they get their facts about Jesus ministry and miracles. Luke 1:1 Inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things that have been accomplished among us, 2 just as those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word have delivered them to us, 3 it seemed good to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, 4 that you may have certainty concerning the things you have been taught. Luke could interview witnesses if he wrote his gospel before 70 AD while many witnesses were still alive. If he wrote it the late 1st century, many would be dead.
I’m sure some of the Christian apologists could make more arguments for the early date of writing of the gospels, but this article has my reasons. BTW the same logic used here could be used to say that the entire NT was written before 70 AD. Paul was beheaded by Nero around 66 AD, so all of his letters had to be written before he died and thus before 70 AD. Many of Paul’s letters also predict the coming of Jesus in 70 AD also (like 2 Thess 2), so they had to be written before that event.Hebrews was not written by Paul, but it has internal evidence that it was written before the temple was destroyed in 70 AD. Heb 9:8 By this the Holy Spirit indicates that the way into the holy places “is” (present tense) not yet opened as long as the first section “is” (present tense) still standing 9 (which is symbolic for the present age). That present tense “is” shows that the temple was still standing when the letter was written. Heb 10: 37 For, “Yet a little while, and the coming one will come and will not delay”. The only “coming of Jesus” here can be is the coming in judgment on Jerusalem in 70 AD, the “2nd coming”. No other coming would fit this verse if the book was written after 70 AD. This prediction came true in 70 AD, proving that the author, whoever it might be, is inspired by the Holy Spirit. James 5:8 You also, be patient. Establish your hearts, for the coming of the Lord is at hand. Thus James predicts the coming of Jesus to be “at hand” (i.e. soon, shortly) and this can only refer to the coming of Jesus in 70 AD. That proves that the book is written before 70 AD. Peter was an apostle and was killed by Nero, so he died about 66 AD and obviously 1,2 Peter were written before he died, before 70 AD. Jude was a brother of Jesus. Jude mentioned the coming of the Lord and the judgment of the great day, which I believe is 70 AD, so Jude was written before 70 AD.
In summary, from the internet (AI), “The primary evidence suggesting the Gospels were written before 70 AD is that they describe Jerusalem and its Temple as still standing, despite the fact that both were destroyed by the Romans in that year; this indicates the authors were writing before the destruction event, as they would have mentioned it if they were writing afterwards.”
Thanks for reading. You can trust your 4 gospels!!!!!!
God had promised Abraham the land of Canaan (Gen 12:1-3) and repeated that promise to Isaac and Jacob. God told Abraham that his descendants would be in slavery in a foreign land for 400 years (Gen 15:13-16) before they would come out and occupy the land. Moses led them out of slavery, but was not allowed to go into Canaan. He appointed Joshua to lead them into Canaan. In about 7 years, Israel defeated all the major forces of the cities of Canaan, starting with Jericho in the central part, then the conquest of southern Canaan, and finally the conquest of northern Canaan. The land was divided between the 12 tribes. The Levites received 48 Levitical cities (ch 21) spread throughout the land so they could teach the Law to all 12 tribes, but they did not get a “tribe portion” of the land. Instead, the 2 sons of Joseph, Ephraim and Manasseh, received a “tribe portion” of the land since Jacob had ultimately given Joseph the firstborn portion (Gen 48:21,22) which means that he would receive twice as much land as his brothers. There were 6 cities of refuge (ch 20). The 12 tribes then went to their respective parts of the land, and were commanded to finish utterly destroying the Canaanites. They did not utterly destroy them, but they did possess the land such that Joshua 21:43-45 says, “So the Lord gave Israel all the land which He had sworn to give to their fathers, and they possessed it and lived in it. Not one of the good promises which the Lord had made to the house of Israel failed; all came to pass.”
BIOGRAPHICAL:
Joshua has often been pictured as a type of Christ. Why is that? In 2 main ways. First, his name. Moses changed his name from Hoshea (“salvation” in Hebrew) to Joshua. “Jesus” is the Septuagint (LXX) spelling of Joshua, and Mary was told, “You shall call your son Jesus, for he shall save His people from their sins” (Mat 1:21). Secondly, Joshua led the Israelites to victory over all their enemies and enabled them to enter their “rest” (Jos 22:4) in Canaan. Their rest was a time of no more war with the Canaanites, and a time of prosperity as they took over all the wealth of the Canaanites. Read Deut 8:7-10 for a full description of the “rest” that they were allowed to enjoy in Canaan. Moses delivered them from Egypt (a type of our deliverance from the slavery of sin), but it was Joshua who led them to victory over all enemies and occupying the land, entering the “rest”. Many Israelites did not enter that rest due to unbelief and died in the 40 years in the wilderness (Heb 3), but the next generation under Joshua did enter the “rest”. Joshua was a 2nd type of Jesus in that Jesus overcame all enemies and led the 1st Christians to enter the Messianic “rest” after 40 years of testing and tribulation (not all made it as seen in the Hebrews warnings). Read Isaiah 65:17-25 for a great description of the “rest” that would be given Christians when the Messiah would come. That was fulfilled in a spiritual way in the spiritual blessings in the church of Jesus Christ, body of the save. Hebrews 4 pictures that Messianic rest as still future at the time of writing, so it must be referring to the final victory at 70 AD. It is unfortunate that many are still waiting for a physical fulfillment of that prophecy. Heb 10:35 says that they would get their reward, that rest, in a “very little while”. Joshua, of the tribe of Ephraim, died at 110 years old (24:29)
Here is a great topical outline of Joshua. I tried to put quotation marks where I quoted directly.
God commands Joshua to be strong and courageous. There are giants in the land and each city has an army to defend it. But God promises to be with him and give him success.
From Pastor Dave Martine:
B. Joshua Prepares the People (Joshua 1:10-18)
The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh had requested land east of the Jordan and were not planning on crossing the Jordan. Joshua commanded the three tribes to first help their fellow Israelites in conquering the land west of the Jordan before they could settle east of the Jordan..
The 2 Israelite spies enter Jericho and meet Rahab, a prositute. She tells them how terrified the people are of Israel and their god, YHWH. They all had heard how YHWH defeated all the gods of Egypt in the 10 plagues and the drowning of Pharoah’s army in the Red Sea. She is ready to put her trust in the one true God of Israel, YHWH. BTW that tells us that every Canaanite had the same opportunity to turn from their false gods and turn to YHWH, but only Rahab did. God was just in wiping out the Canaanites due to their idolatry even though it seems like genocide to. us. The spies promises to spare her family.
From Truth Snitch
By Diane Norton:
3. Israel Crosses the Jordan River (Joshua 3:1-5:1)
The Israelites cross the Jordan River, into the land of promise, following the priests who carry the ark of the covenant. As at the Red Sea, God stops the flowing of the Jordan waters for the Israelites so that they cross on dry ground. Joshua and the Israelites set up twelve stones as a memorial at Gilgal, where they camp after crossing the Jordan. The leaders of Canaan hear of the drying of the waters of the Jordan and fear the Israelites. This crossing of the Joran confirmed to Israel that Joshua had taken over leading Israel just as the parting of the Red Sea confirmed Moses as leader.
Those men born during the 40 years in the wilderness had not been circumcised, so Israel paused to circumcise them even though that would leave them vulnerable to attack from the Canaanites (as Simeon and Levi attacked and killed the Shechemites after they had been circumcised. The place where they were circumcised is named, Gibeath Haaraloth translated as the “hill of foreskins.” They celebrate the Passover and start eating the produce of the land. The supply of manna that sustained them in the wilderness for 40 years ceases.
5. The Commander of the Army of the Lord (Joshua 5:13-15)
A man wielding a sword, the commander of the Lord’s army , appears to Joshua who falls on his face to the ground and requests instruction.The soldier tells tells Joshua to remove the sandals from his feet, for the ground upon which he is standing is holy. This soldier is probably the angel of the Lord, an appearance of God Himself in human form. He gives Joshua the battle plan for taking Jericho.
6. The Conquest and Destruction of Jericho (Joshua 6:1-27)
The Israelite people march around the city of Jericho, once each day for days, with seven priests carrying the ark and blowing on trumpets of ram’s horns continually. In front of the ark are the armed men, while the rear guard follow the ark. On the seventh day, they march around the city seven times. Joshua tells them that they are to destroy the city and should not covet or take anything (silver, gold, iron, bronze, or garments). During the seventh march around the city, the people hear the long blast of the ram’s horn and shout as instructed. The walls of the city miraculously fall, giving access to the Israelites who destroy Jericho and everyone and everything in it (both men and women, young and old, oxen, sheep, and donkeys), except for Rahab and her family. Anyone who attempts to rebuild the city now stands cursed. Joshua’s fame spreads.
7. The Sin of Achan (Joshua 7:1-26)
The spies sent to scout out Ai return and inform Joshua that it is a small city and that only a few soldiers need to be sent to take it. 3,000 Israelite men go to fight Ai and are defeated, losing 36 of their men.. Joshua is terribly disturbed b/c the Canannites would now think that Israel could be defeated. God tells Joshua that the defeat is due to “sin in the camp”: one of the Israelites has taken booty (a beautiful mantle from Shinar and 200 shekels of silver and a bar of gold weighing 50 shekels), from Jericho God reveals the culprit (by casting lots) to be Achan, of the tribe of Judah. He and his entire household (women, children, slaves, and livestock) are stoned, burned, and killed as punishment. A heap of stones is raised on the site, which to this day is named “the valley of Achor,” meaning “calamity.” This might sound like “group punishment” (punishing the whole group for the sin of one person) and I suppose that it is. God sometimes has to make an example for everyone to see what happens if he disobeys God. This reminds us of 1 Corinthians 5, where Paul rebukes the church for tolerating the sin of one member, and tells them to withdraw from him.
8. The Destruction of the City of Ai (Joshua 8:1-29)
Joshua and an army (30,000 in number) march against Ai and destroy it as they did Jericho. God tells them how to ambush and capturing the city of Ai. They kill all its inhabitants (12,000 in total). YHWH allows them to take livestock and other booty from the city as spoils of war. Ai is burnt and the king of Ai is hung; at sundown his body is taken down and thrown down at the city gates. Stones are raised into a heap on his body.
9. Covenant Renewal (Joshua 8:30-35)
The Israelites fulfill Moses’ instructions God had given Moses in Deuteronomy 27 to hold a covenant renewal ceremony at Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim. 6 of the tribes read the curses of disobedience from Mt. Ebal and the other 6 tribes read the blessings of obedience from Mt Gerizim. Joshua builds an altar of unhewn stones at Shechem, and the priests offer sacrifices. Joshua cuts out a copy of the law of Moses in stone and reads it to the Israelites.
10. Treaty with the Gibeonites (Joshua 9:1-27)
The Gibeonites of central Canaan persuade the Israelites to make a peace treaty with them, so that they and their cities will not be destroyed. The Israelites were commanded to destroy all the nations in Canaan but they could make a treaty with nations outside of Canaan. They present themselves as having come from afar, showing their dry bread and dusty footwear as evidence. When the Israelites discover the trick, they honor the treaty, but consign the Gibeonites to be “hewers of wood and drawers of water” for the tabernacle.
11. Continued War with the Peoples of the Land (Joshua 10:1-11:23)
A. The Sun Stands Still as Israel Fights the Amorites (Joshua 10:1-15)
5 Canaanite kings attack the Gibeonites b/c they made a treaty with Israel instead of fighting Israel. Joshua honors his word given to the Gibeonites and marches all night to defend them. The Israelites defeat the five Amorite kings (of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon) who have attacked Gibeon. At Joshua’s request, the sun stands still for a day so that the Israelites can have more time to completely kill the attacking armies. 10:14 14 There has been no day like it before or since, when the Lord heeded the voice of a man, for the Lord fought for Israel.
B. Five Amorite Kings Killed (Joshua 10:16-27)
“The five Amorite kings flee and hide in a cave. Joshua finds them and has large stones rolled over the mouth of the cave, imprisoning them there until their armies are destroyed. The five kings are then brought to Joshua, and they are killed as a symbol of what will happen to all of Israel’s enemies. Their bodies are hung until sundown and then thrown into the same cave where they had hidden themselves and stones are set over the mouth of the cave.”
C. Victories for Israel (Joshua 10:28-11:15)
Joshua and the Israelites capture and destroy many cities in the South – Makkedah, Libnah, Lachish, Gezer, Eglon, Hebron, and Debir. Canaanite kings in the North mobilize a large army (“as numerous as the grains of sand on the seashore”) to attack the Israelites but they are defeated and the territory in the North is captured, the cities plundered, and the people wiped out..
From historyinthebible.com
D. Summary of Joshua’s Victories (Joshua 11:16-23)
This is a summary of all the land that Joshua and the Israelites conquer in Canaan. However, the Anakim (giants) survived and are confined to the Phlistine cities of Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod. David will fight the Philistine giant Goliath later, and even kill 5 of Goliath’s brothers. The summary ends, “And the land had rest from war” (11:23). The period of the conquest of Canaan by Joshua was about 7 1/2 years.
E. The Kings Conquered by Moses (Joshua 12:1-6)
“These verses list the lands and kings conquered by Moses and the Israelites east of the Jordan River. This land was given as property to the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh.”
F. The Kings Conquered by Joshua (Joshua 12:7-24)
“These verses list the lands and the 31 kings conquered by Joshua and the Israelites west of the Jordan River.”
12. Dividing the Land for an Inheritance (Joshua 13:1-21:45)
The land captured by Israel, both east and west of the Jordan River, is divided and distributed by lots among twelve tribes. The Levite tribe does not get land, and Joseph gets two parcels of land for his two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, who become basically 2 of the 12 tribes.
A. Introduction: The Land Still Unconquered and the Command to Divide the Land (Joshua 13:1-7)
The Lord lists for Joshua the parts of Canaan still unconquered by the Israelites The Lord commands Joshua to divide the land of Canaan for an inheritance to nine tribes plus one half-tribe of Israel that settle west of the Jordan.
B. The Land East of the Jordan Given by Moses to Israelite Tribes (Joshua 13:8-33)
“The text lists the lands and cities east of the Jordan River given by Moses to the other two tribes and a half-tribe of Israel: Reuben (15-23), Gad (24-28), and the half-tribe of Manasseh (29-33).”
C. The Land West of the Jordan Given by Eleazar and Joshua to Israelite Tribes (Joshua 14:1-19:51)
The land of Canaan, west of the Jordan, is divided by lot and given to nine Israelite tribes plus a half-tribe of Manasseh. Joshua and Caleb, the only two people still living of the generation that came out of Egypt, are given their own individual allotments of land. Caleb is allotted Hebron (14:6-15) and Joshua is given Timnath-serah in the highlands of Ephraim (19:49-51).
D. The Cities of Refuge (Joshua 20:1-9)
The Levites do not get a parcel of land. The Lord commands Israel to set aside 6 “cities of refuge,” where a person who has killed someone unintentionally can take refuge from those who would seek revenge (the “blood avengers). The cities are located throughout the land.
E. Cities for the Levites (Joshua 21:1-42)
“The priestly tribe of Levi, is given no land because “the LORD God of Israel is their inheritance” (13:33). The tribe of Levi is allotted 48 towns scattered throughout the territory of the other tribes. These towns include the six cities of refuge.
F. Promises Fulfilled (Joshua 21:43-45)
“Not one of all the good promises that the LORD had made to the house of Israel had failed; all came to pass” (21:45). Many today say that Israel never got the land that God promised Abraham, but these verses say that they did.
From Valley Bible Fellowship
13. An Altar Built and a War Prevented (Joshua 22:1-34)
“The eastern tribes–Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh–return to their territory after having helped the other tribes conquer Canaan. They build a memorial altar on the western bank of the Jordan River. The other tribes interpret the building of the altar as rebellion against the Lord and threaten war, but the eastern tribes explain that the altar is meant to serve as a witness in generations to come that they, too, worship the same God as the rest of Israel.”
14. Joshua’s Exhortation (Joshua 23:1-16)
“Joshua has grown old and is about to die. He calls all Israel to him and exhorts them to obey the commands of the book of the law of Moses, so that they might not be enticed by the nations around them to forsake the covenant.”
15. Covenant Ceremony (Joshua 24:1-28)
“Joshua calls all Israel to him at Shechem, where he asks them to serve the Lord–the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob–rather than other gods. They reaffirm their allegiance to the Lord, and Joshua makes a covenant with them there, erecting a stone as a memorial of the covenant.”
By Gwen White
16. Death of Joshua and Death of Eleazar (Joshua 24:29-33)
Joshua dies at 110 years of age and is buried in his land The bones of Joseph, which the Israelites brought out of Egypt, are buried at Shechem. The priest Eleazar, son of Aaron, dies and is buried at Gibeah.
After Joshua died and his generation (the ones who conquered Canaan) died, there “arose another generation after them who did not know the Lord, nor yet the work which He had done for Israel” (2:10). They did not utterly destroy all the Canaanites and their altars (2:1-3) in their respective 12 land divisions even though they could have b/c the Canaanite fighting forces had been destroyed in the 7 years under Joshua. B/c of their disobedience, God left the Canaanite nations as a thorn in the side of Israel, and their gods as a snare to tempt them to idolatry (2:3; 3:1-6). They also intermarried with them, which was forbidden by the Lord (3:6; Deut 7:3,4).
This led to a cycle repeated several times in Judges as described in 2:11-23:
1. Sin: Israel fell into sin and idolatry;
2. Servitude: God let their enemies oppress them;
3. Sorrow: Israel cried out to God for help;
4. Salvation: God would raise up a judge to defeat their enemies, usually followed by a period of peace.
Here is a summary of the different Canaanite oppressions, the judges whom God raised up, and years of rest each judge provided Israel before the cycle repeated itself. The total period of the Judges probably around 300 years with some of the judges overlapping.
Not much on the first 3 judges. The 1st judge Othniel (Caleb’s younger brother) “killed the Mesopotamian king Cushan-rishathaim. The 2nd judge Ehud killed the Moabite king Eglon after 18 years of Moabite oppression. He went to Eglon, pretending to have a secret message from God. Eglon cleared the room. Ehud was left handed, so picture him putting his right hand up to his mouth as if giving a secret message in the ear of Eglon, while he pulled out an 18″ double edged sword that he had hidden on his right thigh under his clothes. Eglon’s servants had not done a good job searching Ehud for weapons. Eglon was very fat. Ehud stuck the 18” sword so deep into Eglon’s belly that the sword was no longer visible in the fat. Ehud sneaked out. Ehud’s servants delayed entering the room, thinking the king was “relieving himself in the closet of his cool chamber”. The delay allowed Ehud time to escape. He mounted an army and defeated the Moabites. The 3rd judge Shamgar is known for killing 600 Philistines with an oxgoad (a long stick with a pointed end used to prod oxen along). Kinda like Samson killed 1,000 Philistines with the jawbone of a donkey.
I want to focus on the story of the 4th judge, Deborah in Judges 4-5.
The Canaanite king Jabin and his commander Sisera had oppressed Israel for 20 long years. Israel was no match for the military strength of Jabin who had 900 chariots of iron (the Israelites probably had no chariots and very few crude weapons as the Philistines would have destroyed all those). Deborah was both a prophetess and a judge (judging Israel under a palm tree). Apparently there were no men willing to stand up to Jabin. Deborah had to challenge Balak to gather an army of 10,000 men and she would draw out Sisera to the river Kishon. 8 Barak said to her, “If you will go with me, I will go, but if you will not go with me, I will not go.” 9 And she said, “I will surely go with you. Nevertheless, the road on which you are going will not lead to your glory, for the Lord will sell Sisera into the hand of a woman.” Deborah went with Barak to the river to meet Sisera’s army and chariots. We learn from Deborah’s victory song in ch 5 that apparently the Lord heavy rains and all the 900 chariots got bogged down and could not move. Sisera’s army and chariots were defeated, “not a man was left”, and Sisera fled on foot. He fled to what he thought was the safety of the tent of Jael, the wife of Heber (there was peace between Jabin and Heber). Sisera must have been exhausted. Jael gave him some milk and told him to sleep. She was to guard the entrance in case Israelite soldiers came. While he was in deep sleep, she took a tent peg and drove it through his temple down into the ground. He must have died immediately without a struggle. We don’t know why Jael did this or what her husband Heber would say when he found out about what Jael had done b/c that would surely break the peace between their nations. When Barak arrived, Jael showed him the body of Sisera in the tent. Just as Deborah had predicted, the glory of victory went to a woman, Jael, and not Barak. Israel went on to destroy Jabin, king of Canaan.
Thus Deborah goes down in history as the only woman judge. Why did God choose a woman judge? B/c there were apparently no men with the courage to stand up to Jabin. Apparently there were not even any men like Gideon who. was very reluctant to fight the Midianites but after several signs given him by God he found the courage to defeat them with 300 men against 135,000 Midianites. Barak did answer the challenge, but only if Deborah would go with him to fight. Not very courageous (but at least he did go fight). The glory of victory would go to Jael, not Barak.
That might bring up a lot of questions. I think the Bible is pretty clear about what God expects. He created Eve to be a “helper” to Adam. Part of the curse put on Eve b/c of her sin was that “her husband would rule over her” (Gen 3:16). That makes sense since the electrician’s apprentice helper is in submission to the electrician. 1 Peter 3:1 Likewise, wives, be subject to your own husbands, so that even if some do not obey the word, they may be won without a word by the conduct of their wives, 2 when they see your respectful and pure conduct. 3 Do not let your adorning be external—the braiding of hair and the putting on of gold jewelry, or the clothing you wear— 4 but let your adorning be the hidden person of the heart with the imperishable beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which in God’s sight is very precious. 5 For this is how the holy women who hoped in God used to adorn themselves, by submitting to their own husbands, 6 as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord. And you are her children, if you do good and do not fear anything that is frightening.
That doesn’t meant that women are inferior to men in any way, mentally or spiritually. Peter does go on to say 7 Likewise, husbands, live with your wives in an understanding way, showing honor to the woman as the weaker vessel, since they are heirs with you[a] of the grace of life, so that your prayers may not be hindered. In what way is the woman the “weaker vessel”? This is from gotquestions.org. “What does it mean that the wife is a “weaker vessel”? The passage does not specifically say. There are many speculations. The most common proposal is that 1 Peter 3:7 is referring to physical weakness since the vast majority of husbands are significantly physically stronger than their wives. Some interpreters see other ways that women are, generally speaking, weaker than men, such as being less in control of their emotions. Others point to the idea that women are more easily deceived (based on 1 Timothy 2:14). The primary problem with these theories is that this passage, and the Bible as a whole, nowhere specifically identifies ways that women are weaker than men. First Timothy 2:14 simply says that Eve was deceived. It does not say that women are more easily deceived than men.”
So it probably does refer to the fact that most men (not all) are stronger then women. Maybe also that, since God made women to be able to nurse and raise children, they might be less in control of their emotions than men. Men think with their head, women think with their hearts. That’s no necessarily a bad thing b/c they need more emotion than men to unselfishly raise children from birth and to put up with their husbands! If true, that might make women more susceptible (not gullible) to false teachers as 2 Timothy 3 says, 6 For among them are those who creep into households and capture weak women, burdened with sins and led astray by various passions, 7 always learning and never able to arrive at a knowledge of the truth. Remember, as Paul points out in 1 Tim 2:14, Eve was deceived by Satan’s lies but the man was not deceived. It is controversial that the new pick for defense secretary says that women should not serve in combat roles. They were not allowed to do that until 2016 when restrictions were lifted, allowing women to serve in all combat roles. We’ll see how that one turns out! You can just hear the claim that Republicans are misogynists if the new secretary of defense gets his way!
We are embroiled in so many accusations in politics that it is hard to know the truth. From MSNBC: “Trump ran a campaign that included denying women their free will (i.e. the right to control their own bodies and have abortions legally). He vowed to be women’s protector “whether the women like it or not,” and he repeatedly praised the chaos that has ensued after the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn women’s federal right to abortion as “beautiful.” His victory has some in the MAGA movement eager to subjugate women, and their remarks all but affirm some people’s fears that a Trump win would unleash misogyny akin to that in “The Handmaid’s Tale.” Look up “The Handmaid’s Tale” if that statement make you curious about what that is. It is about a futuristic men led New England state where men totally suppress women’s rights and the women try to gain independence.
I am not defending Trump’s statements, but it is interesting that today a man is accused of misogyny (misogyny is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women or girls. It can also refer to social systems or environments where women face hostility and hatred because they’re women in a world created by and for men — a historical patriarchy) if he believes that abortion is killing life in the womb and that women’s rights to control their own bodies does not include killing babies in their wombs. That is not misogyny. That is standing up for what God says. A key passage is in Exod 21:22 “When men strive together and hit a pregnant woman, so that her children come out, but there is no harm, the one who hit her shall surely be fined, as the woman’s husband shall impose on him, and he shall pay as the judges determine. 23 But if there is harm, then you shall pay life for life, 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. Apparently God considers life in the womb to be a living being during the entire pregnancy.
The other issue that brings the accusation of misogyny is what Paul said about wives being in submission to their husbands (Ephesians 5:25-33). Also in 1 Corinthians 11 Paul said 2 Now I commend you because you remember me in everything and maintain the traditions even as I delivered them to you. 3 But I want you to understand that the head of every man is Christ, the head of a wife is her husband, and the head of Christ is God. That is a mandate of God from the very beginning in Genesis. To teach that is not misogyny. Of course, the husband is to love and cherish his wife and take care of her needs, so he should not be a cruel dictator. But the fact remains that the Bible teaches that the husband is the head of the wife. Many today think Paul was not inspired and that we don’t have to follow his teaching. They say he is just homophobic and misogynistic and giving his opinions. But Paul was an apostle inspired by the Holy Spirit. His teachings are from the Holy Spirit.
That brings up the role of women in the church. One of my students asked if a woman could be the President, or a Princpal, or a CEO of a business, etc. I told him that I personally thought that was ok. Paul said in 1 Timothy 2: 11 Let a woman learn quietly with all submissiveness. 12 I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet. 13 For Adam was formed first, then Eve; 14 and Adam was not deceived, but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor. I think that restriction on women only applies to the church positions. For example, the qualifications for elders in 1 Timothy 3 is “husband of one wife”, so women could not be elders. Why not? Elders might have to refute false teaching and rebuke heretics., which would involve taking authority over the men. Some churches have women elders in spite of Paul’s teaching.
What about women praying out loud among a group of men? I have never thought that was wrong. Why not? 1 Corinthians 11 goes on to say that a woman could use her miraculous gift of prophecy or probably praying in tongues if she would wear a veil to show that she was not “usurping authority” over the men and trying to take over. So women could pray out loud in the presence of men (praying silently would not be in context here b/c that could not possibly be taken as usurping authority). Then in 1 Cointhians 14 Paul says 26 What then, brothers? When you come together, each one has a hymn, a lesson, a revelation, a tongue, or an interpretation. Let all things be done for building up. That could be gifted men or women using their gift in assemblies or meetings of Christians. So women could us that gift of prophecy to give a revelation in such a meeting as long as they word a veil to show subjection. I assume that women can give a teaching or lead in prayer in a mixed group of men and women today. Why not? I don’t think they would even need to wear a veil since that was a cultural way of showing subjection back then. Today, I think it would just be obvious if the woman was just humbly using her gift or knowledge or if she was trying to take over. The church I was raised in was so inconsistent on this issue. They would allow women to share a teaching in a classroom before going into the auditorium for the main service, but then they would not allow a woman to share a teaching in the main service. Why would going into the auditorium make it any different than in the classroom? It should either be wrong in both or right in both. I think the Bible teaches that it is ok in both! My church squelched the gifts of our women by keeping them from using their gifts in the assembly. But doesn’t Paul say in 1 Corinthians 14:33 “As in all the churches of the saints, 34 the women should keep silent (sigaó: To be silent, to keep silence, to hold one’s peace) in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak (laleó: To speak, to talk, to utter) but should be in submission, as the Law also says. 35 If there is anything they desire to learn, let them ask their husbands at home. For it is shameful for a woman to speak in church.” My church used that verse to say that women could not share a teaching or speak in the assembly, total silence. Of course, they allowed women to sing out loud but that was it (inconsistent again if they demand total silence). But requiring total silence of women in the assembly would be a contradiction of 1 Cor 11 where Paul said the women could speak in prayer or prophecy in any meeting of men and women. So how do we explain this verse in 1 Cor 14:34-35? Paul must have specifically been rebuking women who are usurping authority over the men in the assembly, butting in when the men are speaking, just blatantly taking over (maybe they think the men are not doing a good job leading the church). Paul tells those specific women to not speak at all but ask their husbands any questions when they get home. Paul is not making some general rule for all women to be totally silent in assemblies which would contradict 1 Cor 11. So I don’t think it is wrong for a woman in the assembly to share a teaching, to lead a song, to lead the group in prayer, etc. I do believe in the men taking the lead but often that does not happen. I guess women do have to step up at times.
But often the question is raised, “Is it wrong to have women preachers?” I say yes and here is why. Usually the preacher is considered the senior pastor of the church and will have the authority to rebuke false teachers or the immoral and rebellious in the church. A woman preacher might thus have to rebuke male members of the church and that would violate Paul saying women could not usurp authority over the men. Of course, a more relevant question might be, “why do we have paid preacher positions in the church today at all?” There was no such position in the early church. Churches were led by elders and deacons. The elders did the shepherding and they had gifted teachers. But no paid preachers. I think the addition of the paid preacher position is similar to the request to have king so they could be like the other nations (1 Samuel 8). The church leaves the house church model and starts to build buildings and hire preachers, youth ministers, and secretaries. It becomes a business instead of a simple house church where you would never hire a preacher for a house church. The “evangelists” mentioned in Ephesians 4:11 traveled to different churches to ground churches or rebuke heresy. They had miraculous gifts enabling them to do that. The church they went to might give them food and a place to stay, but they were not permanent paid preachers like today. Two other gifts in Eph 4:11 were pastors and teachers, both miraculously gifted positions. You might think that he is talking about preachers of churches who are called pastors today, but he is not. The word for pastor is poimén: Shepherd. It refers to elders, not preachers. In Acts 20 Paul is talking to the elders of Ephesus. 20:17 Now from Miletus he sent to Ephesus and called the elders (presbuteros: elder, older, presbyter) of the church to come to him. He said 20:28 Pay careful attention to yourselves and to all the flock, in which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers (episkopos: Overseer, Bishop), to care for (poimainó: To shepherd, to tend, to feed, to guide) the church of God, which he obtained with his own blood. All 3 words, shepherd (poimen, the same word in Eph 4:11 for pastors), overseers (episkopos, the word some churches use to have bishops), and elders (presbuteros, the same word some churches use to have presbyters) refer to one position in the church, that of elders. Local church assemblies had these elders and deacons, and that was it. It was the Catholic church that started making different positions of bishops and presbyters, but they were one and the same in the NT.
Many churches have different views on the role of women in their churches and in their assemblies. Each church must study and define these roles for their church. They just need to remember that we might end up agreeing to disagree. Each Christian must decide if he is comfortable with the role of women as defined by his church.
I know this article has gone off into several issues with a lot of my opinion. I don’t make my opinions on these issues to be heaven/hell issues that might diivide churches. I hope you enjoyed the study of Deborah, the only woman judge.
God had commanded the Israelites to completely wipe out the many Canannite kingdoms in the Promised Land. They did not finish the job and left many of the kingdoms intack. God said that he would let those Canaanite kingdoms become a snare to punish Israel and oppress them. The people would start to intermingle with the Canaanites and worship their gods. A kingdom like the Midianites or Philistines would oppress them and make life miserable for them. Under oppression, they would cry out to God for help. He would feel sorry for them and raise up a judge to deliver them. The land would have rest for several years after that until the people again began to worship the gods of the Canaanites, and God would send another Canaanite nation to oppress them. They would cry out… and the cycle would repeat itself.
Here is a great chart showing this cycle repeated throughout the period of the Judges (about 200 years).
The first. 4 were Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, and Deborah (Barak working under Deborah). The land had rest for 40 years after Deborah, but then the Midianites oppressed the people after they sinned again. Judges 3-6 tells the story of the 5th judge, Gideon.
Here is a great chart giving the main events in Gideon’s life.
Without going into detail on each of the major events in his life, I want to focus on “Gideon, the reluctant, doubting judge”. The people do evil, the Midianites oppress them for 7 years, taking or destroying their crops, taking or killing their animals, laying their land “waste”. The people cry out to God. God feels sorry for them and sends an angel to appoint Gideon as the next judge to deliver Israel from the Midianites. Gideon is beating out his wheat in the winepress to hide it from the Midianites. He started off doubting God, saying that he had not seen God doing any miracles lately and questioning why God had forsaken them. He tried to use the excuse, “who am I that I should be a judge, I am the least in my clan”. He then asked for a sign, brought an offering, and the angel of the Lord burnt up the offering on a stone in front of Gideon. The angel vanished, and Gideon was afraid that he would be killed b/c he perceived that he had just seen the angel of the Lord. God told him he would not die. Gideon built an altar and named it “The Lord is Peace” (YHWH shalom: Peace, completeness, welfare, well-being, safety, prosperity). Surely that is all the proof that Gideon would need, right? Nope.
He was told to tear down his father’s altar of Baal and Asherah and to build an altar to God and offer a burnt offering to God on the new altar. He did so, but he did it an night b/c he was afraid of his family and the men of the town. The men of the town came the next day, found out it was Gideon who tore down the altar to Baal, and told Gideon’s father, Joash, to bring him out to die. Joash at least defended his son and challenged them, “If Baal is god, is he not able to defend himself”?
A large army of Midianites, Amalekites (Saul was supposed to wipe out the Amalekites but apparently didn’t, 1 Samuel 15), and others crossed the Jordan to attack Israel. The Spirit of the Lord comes on Gideon (supernatural strength and wisdom?) and he gathered an army of 32,000 men. So he is ready to deliver Israel now, right? Nope.
He asked God for the sign with the wet fleece and dry ground. So now his is ready, right? Nope. He then asked God to not be angry with him, but do dry fleece and wet ground, as if God can’t do it the other way around! I am shocked that God grants him this 2nd sign. You would think God is getting pretty angry with Gideon by now, but God is a patient God.
So he starts off with an army of 32,000 to fight against a Midianite army of 135,000. God tells him that he has too many men! Imagine how a fearful Gideon felt when God told him that. God told him to allow those who were fearful and trembling to go home, and 22,000 men leave. Gideon now has 10,000 men to fight 135,000 of the enemy. He then tells Gideon that he still has too many men. Gideon must be terrified by now. The men are tested by how they drink water, either bringing the water up in their hands to drink (so they can watch out for the enemy) or kneeling down on both knees with their face down drinking the water (not able to see the enemy). God told him to keep the first group (300) and send the rest home. God now has 300 men to fight 135,000 of the enemy. Gideon must be freaking out with fear!!!!!!
God is so patient with Gideon. He knows that his a so afraid, and a fearful leader will not be effective. Obviously Gideon is not totally convinced that God can win this battle with just 300 men. God tells him that if he is afraid, which he was, he should sneak into the Midianite/Amalekite camp with Purah where they heard a soldier telling of his dream in which the Midianites were defeated by “the sword of Gideon”, and Gideon’s fear was relieved and he worshipped God. That finally gave him the courage to attack Midian with his 300 men. Judges 7: 15And he returned to the camp of Israel and said, “Arise, for the Lord has given the host of Midian into your hand.” 16 And he divided the 300 men into three companies and put trumpets into the hands of all of them and empty jars, with torches inside the jars. Did the Spirit that was on Gideon devise this plan or did Gideon think of it on his own? They blew their trumpets, smashed their jars and cried out “a sword for the Lord and Gideon”. The enemy panicked and in their panic began killing each other. The fled the camp. Gideon called on other Israelites to chase them down and kill them.
The Ephraimites were angry b/c Gideon had not called on them to chase and kill the fleeing Midianites. Gideon told them he had reserved 3 of the Midianie princes for them to kill, and they were appeased. Gideon’s 300 men were exhausted as they chased the Midianites, and Gideon asked the men of Succoth for bread for his men, but they refused b/c the 2 commanders of the Midianites had not been captured and killed yet. To them, Gideon might not win this battle and the Midianites might attack Succoth for helping Gideon. The men of Penuel said the same thing. Gideon told them that he would punish them for this when he returned from killing Midianites. By now, 120,000 of the enemy were killed. The 2 commanders had 15,000 men left, and they were fleeing in panic. Gideon returned to Succoth and got the names of 77 of their leaders and tortured them with thorns and briars, and killed the men of Penuel. He then killed the 2 commanders. We assume that the last 15,000 Midianites were killed also.
What a great ending, right? Nope. The people wanted Gideon and his sons to rule over them (as a king? perhaps a sign that they would later ask Samuel to give them a king instead of judges), but Gideon declines, saying “The Lord will rule over you”. Being a ruler over this divided, sinful group of Israelites would not be easy for fun. Instead, he asked them to bring 1700 shekels of gold Midianite earrings taken as spoil, and he made an ephod and put it in his hometown. Maybe his intentions were good, but the people ended up worshipping the ephod (no surprise). The land had rest for 40 years with Gideon as judge.
Gideon had 70 sons and many wives. He had a son, Abimelech, by his concubine. He died at a good old age. After he died, the people turned to idolatry again and forgot all the good Gideon had done for them.
So, other than an interesting story about another judge, what do we come away with from the story of Gideon? My take is how God can patiently mold and assure someone whom he calls into leadership of his people. He can take a fearful, doubting man tolerate his constant doubting and even asking for signs, and use him to do HIs will. He gives him all he needs to assure him of victory and the Spirit to overcome his fears. He helps him find courage in spite of unbelievable odds. That’s my take from Gideon.
I can relate to Gideon. Perhaps you can also. I struggle with doubt about God. How can there be an eternal, an all powerful, all knowing, ever present God spirit that fills the universe, who created all things with amazing design and diversity out of nothing (I believe He did it in six 24 hour days, but even if he did it over a long period of time, the point is the same)? That’s almost unbelievable to me. The main reason I accept the idea of God is that there are no reasonable alternatives. Science says that you can’t get something from nothing (1st Law of Thermodynamics). If there ever was nothing, there would still be nothing. Science says that if matter was eternal, it would be constantly deteriorating and becoming disorderly (2nd Law of Thermodynamics). So even if matter was eternal by some random chance, it would have deteriorated into chaotic disorder instead of the order and design that we see. There is no way that random chance evolution could produce the 30+ physical constants (laws of math and physics) on earth essential for life to exist on earth, all from nothing. Add to that, there is the resurrection of Jesus. Acts 17:31 God gave proof by raising Jesus from the dead, the ultimate miracle. An open investigation of the historical accuracy of the resurrection will lead one to faith in Jesus and the God Yahweh who sent him. Sadly, I still have days when my doubts arise again. I might even die having doubts about eternal life. I hope not. I hope that God will give me the signs and assurance that He exists and that He is with me, just as He did with Gideon. I believe that He will. I really relate to the man who told Jesus, “I believe; help my unbelief”. I don’t think we have to have 100% doubt free faith. Just the faith of a mustard seed. I hope I have that at least. I hear people say, “How can a Christian be afraid of dying”? Some of us are probably afraid of dying. Will death really just be a moment in time and immediately after that brief moment we wake up in eternity? I think so. I hope so. If you are a doubter, I hope the story of Gideon will help you.
I can relate to Gideon’s fearfulness. Over and over it mentions that he is afraid throughout the whole story. I struggle with fear and being afraid. I always blame it on my mother. My dad was not afraid of anything, but my mom was always worried about what bad things might happen. I could have a sore on my toe and she would tell me about somebody who died of a toe infection. She kept me away from snakes. She kept me away from dangerous situations, like high places, which made me acrophobic (fear of heights). That fear carried over into all my life. A fear of trying new things, of getting in trouble with the government, of being sued (I was a school principal for 12 years), a fear of travel (I made everyone who traveled with me miserable with my fears), etc. I always think of the “what if” something bad happens. I worry a lot. I almost had a nervous breakdown worrying about one incident in the past. Gideon was always afraid and I’m sure he worried and thought up all the “what ifs” that might go wrong. To his credit, he let God use him to defeat the Midianites against great odds. He overcame his fears enough to lead Israel into battle and victory. He gave God the glory for his victory. Not bragging at all, but thankfully I overcame my fears enough to go to a school of preaching after I got my engineering degree, spend 5 years in the mission fields of Trinidad, West Indies and Colombia, South America. I think God used my wife and I to train church leaders in Trinidad who are still, 50 years later, leading the churches there. I never wanted the stress of being a principal, but twice it seemed like God was calling me to be a principal (12 years total) and perhaps used me to advance Christian education. I still worry too much, but I am working on it. I look back at whatever I have accomplished for God and give Him the glory. I think He used me to do His work in spite of my fears. I pray that the Spirit of God will help me overcome my fears in the future as there are surely many bad things that will happen as my wife and I age (I will be 75 soon). God will help you find the courage to overcome your fears, just he did with Gideon.
But what about Abimelech, his son by a concubine Judges 9 tells his story. Here is a summary. Basically Abimelech was a usurper who killed 69 of the 70 sons of Gideon by his wives (only Jotham escaped) and coerced the men of Shechem to make him king. After 3 years the Shechemites rebelled against him and he captured Shechem, raised the city and sowed it with salt. He killed 1,000 Shechemites trapped in a tower by burning it down. Abimelech was killed when a woman dropped a millstone on his head while he was attacking a tower in Thebez.
I close this long blog with the “parable of the bramble” given by Jotham the only surviving son of Gideon. He told this parable to the leaders of Shechem when they make Abimelech king. I will always remember this parable b/c it was my mother’s favorite parable for some reason (I can’t imagine why). She was a great student of the word, both OT and NT, and she knew all the parables of Jesus, but Jotham’s parable was her favorite. Here is what he told the Shechemites. 7 When it was told to Jotham, he went and stood on top of Mount Gerizim and cried aloud and said to them, “Listen to me, you leaders of Shechem, that God may listen to you. 8 The trees once went out to anoint a king over them, and they said to the olive tree, ‘Reign over us.’ 9 But the olive tree said to them, ‘Shall I leave my abundance, by which gods and men are honored, and go hold sway over the trees?’ 10 And the trees said to the fig tree, ‘You come and reign over us.’ 11 But the fig tree said to them, ‘Shall I leave my sweetness and my good fruit and go hold sway over the trees?’ 12 And the trees said to the vine, ‘You come and reign over us.’ 13 But the vine said to them, ‘Shall I leave my wine that cheers God and men and go hold sway over the trees?’ 14 Then all the trees said to the bramble, ‘You come and reign over us.’ 15 And the bramble said to the trees, ‘If in good faith you are anointing me king over you, then come and take refuge in my shade, but if not, let fire come out of the bramble and devour the cedars of Lebanon.’ The meaning is easy to understand. The only reason they had chosen Abimelech to be their king was that no worthy person wanted the position. That kinda relates to the U.S. now, doesn’t it.
Without getting too political, fiscal and moral conservatives were forced into a touch decision in the recent presidential election. A lot of Christians did not want to vote Republican for various reasons. But then the Democratic left leadership supports abortion and LGBQT, which are in total violation of the word of God so most Christians would not vote Democratic. Many Christians ended up voting Republican. But the sad thing is that the main issues were cost of living, inflation, and immigration- not restoring the U.S. to its Judeo-Christian values. Currently, 63% say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, while 36% say it should be illegal in all or most cases. according to a 2022 Gallup poll, 71% of Americans believe that gay and lesbian relations are morally acceptable, while 25% believe they are morally wrong. This is a significant increase from 2002, when only 38% of Americans held this view. Support for same-sex marriage has also increased dramatically over time. In 2022, 71% of Americans supported same-sex marriage in a Gallup poll, and 61% supported it in a Pew Research poll. According to recent Gallup polls, around 43-46% of Americans consider being transgender morally acceptable, while a slight majority (around 51-55%) view it as morally wrong. These are the issues that we should be voting on.
Maybe a majority of Americans did vote on those moral issues when they elected the Republicans who were more conservative. Mostly they voted on the economy in hopes that a new president can make things better financially, and I hope that he can. I just pray that God is working providentially to restore the U.S. to Christian morals based on the Bible no matter who is elected to the Presidency and Congress. 1 Tim 2:1 First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all people, 2 for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way. 3 This is good, and it is pleasing in the sight of God our Savior. I’m afraid that most voted based on the economy. But what will get Americans to accepting God’s definition of what sin is? What will get this liberal majority to change their opinions? America has had a grass roots revival every 50 years or so to get us back to Bible morals. There was the 1st Great Awakening, the Great Prayer Revival, the 2nd Great Awakening. These revivals were possible and successful b/c the vast majority of Americans still believed that the Bible was the word of God. If the Bible said drunkenness was a sin, then to repent meant to stop drinking. But now, according to recent Gallup data, around 49% of Americans believe the Bible is “inspired by God, but not everything in it is to be taken literally,” while only 20% say it is the literal word of God, meaning the majority view the Bible as inspired but not necessarily completely literal. In other words, now the majority don’t believe that abortion and LGBQT are sinful even if the Bible appears to condemn it. They believe that the Bible is full of human opinions that are not binding on us today. The apostle Paul who condemned homosexuality (Romans 1:26-27; 1 Cor 6:9-10) was just homophobic and his writings are not inspired by God, they are just his opinions. So according to the majority, we don’t have to follow Paul’s opinions and writings. How can we have a grass roots revival if that is the case? What will convince pro abortion and pro LGBQT to change their minds on those issues if they don’t believe that God even condemns them in His Word? Where are we headed- Sodom and Gomorrah? I hope not. This addendum is not about Republican or. Democrat or how you voted. Each person should vote based on his conscience and respect how others vote. This is about praying that God will do whatever it takes to humble us and get us back to our Judao-Christian values based on the inspired word of God (2 Tim 3:16-17 16 All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, 17 that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work. Pray for our country. Remember the parable of the bramble.
Why was the canonicity of the book of Hebrews questioned by some?
The canonicity of the book of Hebrews was in doubt in the early church because of the uncertainty of its authorship. Some thought Paul wrote it which would automatically make it canonical. Others did not think Paul wrote it, attributing it to Barnabas or Clement or someone else, and that uncertainly made its canonicity questionable. From the internet: the western church did not accept Paul as the author of Hebrews until the fourth century. In fact, most modern scholars now believe the author is unknown.
Here are some reasons why the church has rejected Paul as the author of Hebrews:
Separation from eyewitnesses: In Hebrews 2:3, the author separates himself from the original eyewitnesses, which is different from Paul’s emphasis on his authority as an apostle.
Style: The style of Hebrews is different from Paul’s letters.
Name: Paul identifies himself by name in his 13 letters, but Hebrews does not name the author.
But, whoever wrote it, it was inspired by the Holy Spirit!
But there is no doubt that it is from an inspired author! It was written in the early 60’ and its predictions of the things about to happen (mello), of the 2nd coming in a very little while that would not be delayed, of the replacement of the old covenant with the new, etc. are all inspired exegesis of what the destruction of the temple and Jerusalem in 70 AD meant in God’s plan to give the new covenant.
Why I don’t think that Paul wrote Hebrews.
1) Hebrews 1:3. How does the author say that the words of Jesus were confirmed to him? _______________________________________________
I am not sure of the author but I don’t think it was Paul b/c Paul would never have said in Heb 1:3 that the word spoken by Jesus was confirmed to us (including himself) by those that heard him (the apostles).
Paul argued in Galatians 1 that he received his gospel directly from Jesus and not from the apostles, so he would never have said that.
Why I think the book is canonical and inspired: key eschatological passages in Hebrews.
2) Heb 8:13 What does the author say about the old covenant? ___________
The old covenant “is ready (eggus: Near, close, at hand) to disappear (aphanismos: Disappearance, destruction, ruin) ”. This doesn’t mention the 2nd coming, but it is an important eschatological passage.
“Near” is eggizó: To draw near, to approach, to come near. The word is used 43 times in the NT.
James 4:8: ” Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. Cleanse your hands, ye sinners;”
James 4:8: “Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. Cleanse your hands, ye sinners;”
James 5:8: “for the coming of the Lord draweth nigh.”
Some say the old covenant disappeared, ended, at the cross.
Certainly, the cross and death of Jesus was the basis for a new covenant since the first covenant could not save anyone, but 8:13 clearly shows that the 1st covenant did not disappear or end until 70 AD when the temple and Jerusalem were destroyed. The old covenant could only condemn, not save, and its power to condemn ceased at the cross for those who would be saved by grace through faith in Jesus and the new covenant.
Jewish Christians continued to keep the Law until 70 AD but they understood that it was the new covenant that saved them, not the old.
Acts 21:17-26 What did James the Lord’s brother tell Paul that thousands of Jewish Christians were doing?
James asked Paul to join 4 men in keeping a Jewish vow to show that he was not telling Jewish converts to quit keeping the Law (he did tell Gentile converts that they did not need to keep the Law, but that was not in James’ discussion).
So what did Paul do? Did he tell James that the Jewish converts were not required to keep the Law since the Law died at the cross?
Nope. He kept the Jewish vow with the 4 men to show that he was not teaching Jewish concerts to quit keeping the Law.
Some have said that Paul was just “becoming all things to all men” in keeping this vow, but Paul would never have done that on such a critical issue.
3) Heb 9:8 What does the author say about the way into the new Holy of Holies of the new covenant?
9:8 “The way into the new Holy of Holies (in heaven) has not yet been disclosed as long as the first or outer tabernacle “is” still standing”.
This shows that, while the 2nd covenant began in Acts 2, the 2nd covenant would not be fully disclosed and confirmed until the temple was destroyed in 70 AD. The present tense of the verb “is” shows that. This verse also shows that the temple was still standing and the priests still ministering at the time of writing of Hebrews, so it was definitely written before 70 AD.
The NIV has the verb “was” but that is not the correct Gk verb tense.
4) Heb 9:28 What does the author say is the purpose of Jesus’ 2nd coming?
9:28 “Christ was offered once for all time in his 1st coming, but he would appear a 2nd time, not to deal with sin, but to bring salvation to those who are eagerly and confidently waiting for him.”
His 2nd coming would bring physical salvation for the Jewish Christian remnant who escaped the siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD as well as put an end to non Christian Jews persecuting Jewish Christians (1 Thess 2:14-16; 2 Thess 1).
His 2nd coming at the end of the age would also bring spiritual salvation, destroying death (1 Cor 15) and bring immortality to believers in 70 AD.
5) Heb 10:27 What did the author say about a coming judgment of Jewish Christians if they lose their faith in Jesus and start trusting in the Law?
There is about to be (mello) a judgment on the Jews and that would include any Jewish Christians who forsake faith in Christ and return to the Law for salvation (which was the purpose of writing Hebrews, to convince them not to do that).
That imminent judgement was 70 AD.
A passage that refutes the “delayed 2nd coming” theory of many.
6) Heb 10:37 What does the author say about Jesus’ coming? __________
That imminent, “about to be” (mello) judgment in 10:27 is tied to the 2nd coming in 10:37. “Yet in a very little while, He who is coming will come and will not delay.” The work mello is always used in the NT of something that is “about to happen”.
USE OF “MELLO” TO WARN OF IMMINENT ACTIONS OR EVENTS.
That Greek word “mello” appears 110 times in various forms in the NT. Here are more examples:
MATTHEW’S GOSPEL
Matt 2:13 – Now when they had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, “Rise, take the child and his mother, and flee to Egypt, and remain there until I tell you, for Herod is about to [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is about to] search for the child, to destroy him.”
Matt 20:22 – Jesus answered, “You do not know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I am [Gk: μέλλω : mello : I am about to] to drink?” They said to him, “We are able.”
MARK’S GOSPEL
Mark 10:32 – And they were on the road, going up to Jerusalem, and Jesus was walking ahead of them. And they were amazed, and those who followed were afraid. And taking the twelve again, he began to tell them what was [Gk: μέλλοντα : mellonta : about to] to happen to him
LUKE’S GOSPEL
Luke 7:2 – Now a centurion had a servant1 who was sick and at the point of death [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to], who was highly valued by him.
Luke 9:31 – who appeared in glory and spoke of his departure, which he was about to [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to] accomplish at Jerusalem.
Luke 9:44 – “Let these words sink into your ears: The Son of Man is about to [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is about to] be delivered into the hands of men.”
Zacchaeus ran on ahead and climbed up into a sycamore tree to see Jesus, for he was about to (Gk:ἤμελλεν) pass that way …Luke 19:4
– CC Image courtesy of Good News Productions International and College Press Publishing … FreeBibleimages.org
Luke 10:1 – After this the Lord appointed seventy-two others and sent them on ahead of him, two by two, into every town and place where he himself was about to [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to] go.
Luke 19:4 – So he ran on ahead and climbed up into a sycamore tree to see him, for he was about to [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to] pass that way.
Luke 22:23 – And they began to question one another, which of them it could be who was going to [Gk: μέλλων : mellon : was about to] do this.
JOHN’S GOSPEL
John 4:47 – When this man heard that Jesus had come from Judea to Galilee, he went to him and asked him to come down and heal his son, for he was at the point of death [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to].
We can clearly see from the passages above that certain events were “ABOUT TO” happen… IMMEDIATELY or very SOON after.
Matthew 2 – King Herod soon searched for the infant Jesus, just as predicted.
Matthew 20, Mark 10, Luke 9 – The suffering and crucifixion of Jesus did occur within a short time, just as predicted.
Luke 19 – Jesus did in fact pass the sycamore tree, soon after Zacchaeus climbed up to see him, just as predicted.
“Mello” means that something is IMMINENT and “ABOUT TO HAPPEN”. It never means “MANY YEARS FROM NOW” or “SOME TIME IN THE FUTURE” or “2000 YEARS FROM NOW”! Yet that is what some Bible translators want us to believe, whenever “mello” is used in a passage about the parousia (Second Coming) of Christ.
“Mello” means that something is IMMINENT and “ABOUT TO HAPPEN”. It never means “MANY YEARS FROM NOW” or “SOME TIME IN THE FUTURE” or “2000 YEARS FROM NOW”! Yet that is what some Bible translators want us to believe, whenever “mello” is used in a passage about the parousia (Second Coming) of Christ. It is never used to simply mean “certianly will happen” which is the way it is translated in most translations. Why would the translators not translate correctly as “about to happen”? They might translate it “about to happen” in passages that are not eschatological ones, but they would have problems translating the 2nd coming as “about to happen” b/c of almost 2,00 years of church dogma that said that the 2nd coming had not happened yet. A few translations like Young’s Literal Translation translate mello as “about to happen” correctly even in the eschatological passages we have discussed.
As stated earlier, this is a critical passage to destroy the idea that Jesus delayed his predicted imminent 2nd coming.
Again, people say that b/c they expected him to establish a physical kingdom and he did not do that in 70 AD.
They say he delayed his 2nd coming and will one day (going on 2000 years and counting) come back and set up his earthly kingdom.
He never intended to set up an earthly kingdom (John 18:36 my kingdom is not of this world).
He had preached that the “kingdom (of Daniel 2:44) is at hand (eggizó: To draw near, to approach, to come near)”.
He had said that some would still be alive to see him coming in his kingdom (Mt 16:27). He said that he was mello about to come.
He would be a false prophet if the kingdom was not established soon after these predictions.
It was established soon after in the church, a spiritual kingdom.
Jesus equated the kingdom and the church in Mt 16:16-19. 18 And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell[c] shall not prevail against it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.”He said Peter would have the keys to open the door for entrance into the church kingdom.
Peter used those keys in Acts 2 as he preached the first gospel sermon with 3,000 being saved and entering that new church kingdom.
Paul said that Christians had been translated into the kingdom of His beloved Son (Col 1:13, so the kingdom of Jesus was already established as Paul was writing). But in Luke 21:31 So also, when you see these things taking place, you know that the kingdom of God is near. 32 Truly, I say to you, this generation will not pass away until all has taken place. He was predicting the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD which had to occur within that generation (genea, always used of a 40 year period or the people living in a 40 year period, just was we speak of the baby boomers generation, the Z generation, etc.). He even said in Luke 21:36 But stay awake at all times, praying that you may have strength to escape all these things that are (mellow, about to) take place, and to stand before the Son of Man.” So all the predictions in Luke 21 were “about to happen” (mello). So back to 21:31. In what sense was the “kingdom of God is near (eggus: Near, close, at hand)”. If the kingdom of God was the church, and Col 1:13 says that Christians had already been translated into the kingdom of Jesus at the time of writing (62 AD), then how could Luke’s prediction of Lk 21:31 that the kingdom of God is near when the events in 70 AD occur.
I use our election of presidents to explain that. We elected a new president on Nov 5, 2024. The inauguration is Jan 20, 2025. So officially we have a “president elect” and a new government that only officially begins to rule on Jan 20, 2025. In the meantime, the new president elect is appointing his new cabinet and beginning to remove the old cabinet. But all that only becomes official in 2025. It is the same with the kingdom of God that was near. Acts 2 the day of Pentecost in 30 AD was the Nov 5 of our elections. It was the establishment of the church (Acts 2:37). The official rule of the new church kingdom would be in 70 AD after Jesus had defeated all his enemies (the last enemy was spiritual death 1 Cor 15) and removed the old covenant (Heb 8:13 that old covenant was removed in 70 AD). So we might say that Trump is the new president during the interim of Novv 5,2024 to Jan 20, 2025 but he only officially becomes the president on Jan 20, 2025. Paul could say that those living in the transition period from AD 30 to AD 70 were indeed in the kingdom but teachnically the kingdom would not be fully operative till 70 AD.
Many use the phrase “already, not yet” to describe this transition period. The Christians were “alrready in the kingdom Col 1:13” but “not yet” in the final phase of the kingdom in 70 AD.
Acts 14:22 strengthening the souls of the disciples, encouraging them to continue in the faith, and saying that through many tribulations we must enter the kingdom of God. Paul said this to those he had just converted. According to Paul in Col 1:13, they were already in the church kingdom. And yet he says they will enter a future kingdom, which would refer to 70 AD.
2 Peter 1:11 For in this way there will be richly provided for you an entrance into the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Again, the Christians Peter was writing to were already in the church kingdom, but there was another phase of the kingdom for them to enter in their future, which would be 70 AD.
Of course, premillineals say that this future kingdom is a physical kingdom set up by Jesus when he returns in our future. 3 problems with that. 1) Jesus’ 2nd coming was in 70 AD (see blog articles 2nd Coming of Jesus (part 1 and 2). 2) Jesus’ kingdom he set us was a spiritual kingdom. John 18:36 my kingdom is not of this world. 3) Jesus said that some would still be alive to see him coming in his kingdom Mt 16:27,28 (and that coming was mello about to happen).
I was raised in a church that said that this everlasting phase of the kingdom in 2 Peter 1:11 was heaven, but that would contradict Lk 21:31 who said that the future phase of the kingdom would be near in 70 AD. Of course my church said that the 2nd coming is in our future which is not true either.
Jesus did not delay his 2nd coming. He came in 70 AD just as he predicted. The only reason anyone would say that Jesus did indeed predict an imminent 2nd coming but that he delayed it is that they expect Jesus to set up a physical kingdom when he comes back. They are making the same mistake that the unbelieving Jews made. Those Jews expected a physical kingdom of political power like that of the kingdom of David and a king who would defeat the Romans (like David defeated the enemies of Israel).
7) Heb 12:25-29 What did the author say that God was going to shake?
After saying that the believers had come to the heavenly Jerusalem (i.e. the new Jerusalem the church) and to the new covenant, the writer said that God was going to once more shake not only the earth but also the heavens, removing the things that can be shaken (the old Jewish heavens and earth, the old Jewish system, a physical system that could be destroyed and was destroyed in 70 AD).
A new spiritual system the new heavens and earth, the new Messianic system, would remain that cannot be shaken b/c it cannot be destroyed (Mt 16:18).
BTW, doesn’t this sound a lot like 2 Peter 3 and the replacing of the old heavens and earth with a new heavens and earth?
Some more “mello” (about to happen) passages in Hebrews:
Heb 2:5; 6:6
2:5 The world about to come (mello). 6:6 the age about to come (mello).
These passages are predicting the Messianic Age that began in Acts 2 in 30 AD and would be finalized and confirmed in 70 AD. Technically the new Messianic Age began in 70 AD after the old age (called the “present age in the NT) ended.
Heb 13:14
Seeking the city which is about to come (mello).
What city was about to come when Hebrews was written?
This could only be the new Jerusalem, the church, which began in Acts 2 in 30 AD, but was only finalized in 70 AD.
Rev 21:1 pictures that new Jerusalem coming down to earth and says that city is the bride or Christ, i.e. the church.
So do you see why I say that the author of Hebrews was inspired by the Holy Spirit. The book predicts accurately so many things about the 2nd coming in 70 AD. The book gives an inspired discussion of the difference of the two covenants. Whoever wrote it was inspired.
The next lesson will look at what the apostle Paul said about the 2nd coming and the resurrection.
Now let’s look at what the apostles said about the timing of the 2nd coming.
James:
James 5:8,9 The coming of the Lord is near; the Judge is standing right at the door.
Peter:
1 Peter 4:7 The end and culmination of all things is near. The end of what? The end of the old law and Jewish theocracy. He could not mean the end of the physical world or else he would be a false prophet since that was not near. “near” is Now let’s look at what the apostles said about the timing of the 2nd coming.
James:
James 5:8,9 The coming of the Lord is near; the Judge is standing right at the door.
“Near” is eggizó: To draw near, to approach, to come near. The word is used 43 times in the NT.
Matthew 3:2: “the kingdom of heaven is at hand.” Matthew 4:17: “the kingdom of heaven is at hand.” Matthew 10:7: “The kingdom of heaven is at hand.” Matthew 15:8: “This people draweth nigh unto me with their mouth, and honoreth” Matthew 21:1: “And when they drew nigh unto Jerusalem, and were come to” Matthew 21:34: “time of the fruit drew near, he sent his servants to” Matthew 26:45: “behold, the hour is at hand, and the Son of man” Matthew 26:46: “Rise, let us be going: behold, he is at hand that doth betray me.” Mark 1:15: “the kingdom of God is at hand: repent ye, and believe the” Mark 11:1: “And when they came nigh to Jerusalem, unto Bethphage and” Mark 14:42: “lo, he that betrayeth me is at hand.” Luke 7:12: “Now when he came nigh to the gate of the city,” Luke 10:9: “unto them, The kingdom of God is come nigh unto you.” Luke 10:11: “the kingdom of God is come nigh unto you.” Luke 12:33: “heavens that faileth not, where no thief approacheth, neither moth” Luke 15:1: “Then drew near unto him all the publicans and” Luke 15:25: “and as he came and drew nigh to the house, he heard music” Luke 18:35: “And it came to pass, that as he was come nigh unto Jericho, a certain blind man” Luke 18:40: “him: and when he was come near, he asked him,” Luke 19:29: “And it came to pass, when he was come nigh to Bethphage and Bethany,” Luke 19:37: “And when he was come nigh, even now at the descent of the” Luke 19:41: “And when he was come near, he beheld the city, and wept over” Luke 21:8: “Christ; and the time draweth near: go ye not therefore after” Luke 21:20: “the desolation thereof is nigh.” Luke 21:28: “for your redemption draweth nigh.” Luke 22:1: “the feast of unleavened bread drew nigh, which is called the Passover.” Luke 22:47: “went before them, and drew near unto Jesus to kiss him.” Luke 24:15: “Jesus himself drew near, and went with them.” Luke 24:28: “And they drew nigh unto the village, whither they went: and” Acts 7:17: “time of the promise drew nigh, which God had sworn to Abraham,” Acts 9:3: “And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there shined round about” Acts 10:9: “as they went on their journey, and drew nigh unto the city, Peter went up” Acts 21:33: “Then the chief captain came near, and took him, and commanded” Acts 22:6: “that, as I made my journey, and was come nigh unto Damascus about noon, suddenly” Acts 23:15: “and we, or ever he come near, are ready to kill” Romans 13:12: “the day is at hand: let us therefore cast off the works” Philippians 2:30: “the work of Christ he was nigh unto death, not regarding his life,” Hebrews 7:19: “of a better hope did; by the which we draw nigh unto God.” Hebrews 10:25: “as ye see the day approaching.” James 4:8: ” Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. Cleanse your hands, ye sinners;” James 4:8: “Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. Cleanse your hands, ye sinners;” James 5:8: “for the coming of the Lord draweth nigh.”
2. Peter:
1 Peter 4:7 The end and culmination of all things is near. The end of what? The end of the old law and Jewish theocracy. If he was predicting that the end of the physical world things, then he was a false prophet since that did not happen. “Near” is eggizó as in James 5:8.
1 Peter 5:1 the glory that is about to be (mello) revealed (at 2nd coming). Refer to the blog article The 2nd Coming of Jesus (Part 1) to see the use of mello in the NT. It always refers to something about to happen. For example just a few:
Matt 2:13 – Now when they had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, “Rise, take the child and his mother, and flee to Egypt, and remain there until I tell you, for Herod is about to [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is about to] search for the child, to destroy him.”
Matt 20:22 – Jesus answered, “You do not know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I am [Gk: μέλλω : mello : I am about to] to drink?” They said to him, “We are able.”
Mark 10:32 – And they were on the road, going up to Jerusalem, and Jesus was walking ahead of them. And they were amazed, and those who followed were afraid. And taking the twelve again, he began to tell them what was [Gk: μέλλοντα : mellonta : about to] to happen to him
Luke 7:2 – Now a centurion had a servant1 who was sick and at the point of death [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to], who was highly valued by him.
Luke 9:31 – who appeared in glory and spoke of his departure, which he was about to [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to] accomplish at Jerusalem.
Luke 9:44 – “Let these words sink into your ears: The Son of Man is about to [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is about to] be delivered into the hands of men.”
Luke 10:1 – After this the Lord appointed seventy-two others and sent them on ahead of him, two by two, into every town and place where he himself was about to [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to] go.
Luke 19:4 – So he ran on ahead and climbed up into a sycamore tree to see him, for he was about to [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to] pass that way.
Luke 22:23 – And they began to question one another, which of them it could be who was going to [Gk: μέλλων : mellon : was about to] do this.
John 4:47 – When this man heard that Jesus had come from Judea to Galilee, he went to him and asked him to come down and heal his son, for he was at the point of death [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to].
It is the same word mell used by Jesus to say that 2nd coming was “about to happen”
Matthew 16:27 – the Son of Man is going toi [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is about to] come with his angels in the glory of his Father, and then he will repay each person according to what he has done.
Romans 8 expounds on this glory about to be revealed.
Romans 8:18,38 YLT ii – 18 For I reckon that the sufferings of the present time [are] not worthy [to be compared] with the glory about to [Gk: μέλλουσαν : mellousan : about to] be revealed in us; … 38 for I am persuaded that neither death, nor life, nor messengers, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things about to be [Gk: μέλλοντα : mellonta : about to (be)].
Many interpret Romans 8:18-25 as a new creation of the earth, a restoration of the earth to the Garden of Eden paradise, but 8:18 says that the glory of this predicted event (whatever the “new creation” might mean) is mello about to happen, so it can’t refer to an event at least 2,00 years later in our future. What does it mean? Since the creation is eagerly waiting for its adoption as sons, then it must refer to sinners awaiting the 2nd coming (which Jesus said was about to happen Mk 16:27,28) and the glory that would be given to the true sons of God, i.e. Christians as opposed to the destruction of the wicked Jews.
2 Peter 3 If Peter said the end of all things is near in 1 Peter 4:7, then when he talks about the destruction of the old heavens and earth in 2 Peter 3, would that destruction not also be included in the “end of all things is near” time frame?
2 Peter 3:10,12 The elements would be burned up. We think that means the elements of the periodic table of which the earth is made up of, but it doesn’t mean that. The Greek word for elements is stoicheion, which means the rudimentary principle or rules of something. The word is used only In Gal 4:3, 9; Col 2:8,20; Heb 5:12 where it means the elementary principles of the world or of religious systems or of the Law. It never refers to the elements of the periodic table. The use of the word in Heb 3:10,12 refers to the elementary principles of the old Jewish system (as in Heb 5:12), the old heavens and earth which were about to be destroyed in 70 AD. The old heavens and earth (the Jewish system) would be destroyed in 70 AD and be replaced by the new heavens and earth (the Messianic system). Heb 12:25 predicted this destruction of the current heavens and earth, leaving the new heavens and earth that could not be shaken or destroyed.
Also 2 Peter 3:13 Peter said “according to promise” they were looking for a new heavens and earth. What promise was he referring to? The only promise of a new heavens and earth is from Isaiah 65:17; 66:22 where the context is the new Messianic system, the new Jerusalem, a time when believers would come to worship on earth (66:23,24). It is not predicting a re-creation of the cursed earth.
3) John:
John 21:22 If I (Jesus) want him (John) to stay alive till I come, what is that to you (Peter)? John then comments in 21:23 that some thought that meant that John would never die (if 21:22 is predicting a 2nd coming that hasn’t happened in the last 2,000 years, then John would indeed not die in the first century). But if 21:22 is referring to a 2nd coming in that generation, then John could indeed live to see that. Some say John died a natural death, an old man of 100 living in Ephesus. But the church father Papias in the late 1st/ early 2nd century said that John died a martyr’s death just as Jesus predicted in Mark 10:35-40 at the hands of the Jews. Jesus had predicted that John would drink the same cup as Jesus would (Mk 14:36, the cup of death). Acts 12 records the death of James, John’s brother, in AD 44. So the only time the Jews could have martyred John would have to be before 70 AD, just as they martyred James the Lord’s brother before 70 AD.
Why would early church tradition say that John lived to the age of 100. Probably b/c they didn’t see Revelation being fulfilled in AD 70, and therefore looked for a time when John might have been exiled to Patmos after 70 AD, and then came up with the theory that he was exiled in the reign of Domitian in 96 AD and that Revelation was written in 96 AD and was fulfilled after 70 AD. We wil see later that both these views are wrong in an article on the book of Revelation. .
1 John 2:18 Children, it is the last hour. Last hour of what? Of the last days of the Jewish Age.
Rev 1:2-7 Things to shortly take place (tachos: Speed, swiftness, quickness) . The time is near (1:3 eggus: Near, close, at hand). He is coming with the clouds (Mt 24:29; Acts 1:8), every eye will see him.
Rev 22:6-10 Things must soon take place (tachos: Speed, swiftness, quickness). Behold I am coming quickly (tachu: Quickly, swiftly, soon). The time is near (eggus: Near, close, at hand).
Rev 22:12,20 Behold I am coming quickly. Yes I am coming quickly.
(Some say “quickly” just means “suddenly”, but the other phrases “near”, “shortly”, “soon” show that quickly means soon. Our modern use of the word “quickly” includes “soon” in time. The word “quickly” is an adverb that means to do something fast, soon, or after a short time. Here are some examples of “quickly” in a sentence:
“I quickly realized that this was a big mistake”. Rev 1:7 “he is coming with the clouds” shows that it refers to the 2nd coming.
“She walked quickly away”.
“The disease spreads quickly”.
mello passages in Revelation. 1:19; 2:20 3:10,16; 6:11; 8:13; 12:5
Revelation 1:19 YLT – Write the things that thou hast seen, and the things that are, and the things that are about to [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is (are) about to] iii ) come after these things;
Revelation 2:10 YLT – Be not afraid of the things that thou art about to [Gk: μέλλεις : melleis : are about to] suffer; lo, the devil is about to [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is about to] cast of you to prison, that ye may be tried, and ye shall have tribulation ten days; become thou faithful unto death, and I will give to thee the crown of the life.
Revelation 3:10,16 YLT – Because thou didst keep the word of my endurance, I also will keep thee from the hour of the trial that is about to [Gk: μελλούσης : mellouses : which is about to] come upon all the world iv, to try those dwelling upon the earth v … So ‐‐ because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I am about to [Gk: μέλλω : mello : I am about to] vomit thee out of my mouth.
Revelation 6:11 YLT – and there was given to each one white robes, and it was said to them that they may rest themselves yet a little time, till may be fulfilled also their fellow-servants and their brethren, who are about to [Gk: μέλλοντες : mellontes : are about to] be killed ‐‐ even as they.
Revelation 8:13 YLT – And I saw, and I heard one messenger, flying in the mid-heaven, saying with a great voice, ‘Wo, wo, wo, to those dwelling upon the land from the rest of the voices of the trumpet of the three messengers who are about to [Gk: μελλόντων : mellonton : are about to] sound.’
Revelation 12:5 YLT – and she brought forth a male child, who is about to [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is about to] rule all the nations with a rod of iron, and caught away was her child unto God and His throne.
All these passages say the things predicted in Revelation were about to be (mello) fulfilled or happen.
From parousiafulfilled.com
What would be the point of telling Christians in the 1st Century about apocalyptic events, if those things were not expected for thousands of years… after they were all dead and their world had disappeared? How could those events have any meaning or significance to 1st Century people, if they would NOT live to see and experience them? It just doesn’t make any sense.
Conversely, if those early Christians were “ABOUT TO” experience great tribulations and persecutions, they would obviously find encouragement and hope in the knowledge that “SOON” their Lord Jesus Christ was “ABOUT TO” return and rescue them from their enemies… the last wicked and perverse generation of Old Covenant Jews and their temporary Roman allies.
The obvious meaning of the Greek word “mello” throughout the New Testament is that certain things were “ABOUT TO” happen… SOON… in a very short time. And when it refers to the parousia (Second Coming) of Christ, the word “mello” was clearly intended to warn people that it was “ABOUT TO” happen, in the lifetime of those early Christians. This is exactly what Jesus promised his disciples:
“27 For, the Son of Man is about to [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is about to] come in the glory of his Father, with his messengers, and then he will reward each, according to his work. 28 Verily I say to you, there are certain of those standing here who shall not taste of death till they may see the Son of Man coming in his reign.” (Matthew 16:27-28 YLT)
From James Stewart Russell in The Parousia:
The doctrine of the apostles with regard to the coming of the Lord is in perfect harmony with this (i.e. Jesus’ predictions that his 2nd coming would be imminent). Nothing can be more evident than that they all believed and taught the speedy return of the Lord. From the first speech of St. Peter on the day of Pentecost to the last utterance of St. John in the Apocalypse, this conviction is clearly and constantly expressed. To say that the apostles were themselves ignorant of the time of their Lord’s return, and therefore could have no belief on the subject,—could not teach what they did not know,—is to contradict their own express and reiterated assertions. True, they did not know, and did not teach, ‘that day and that hour;’ they did not say that He would come in a particular month of a particular year, but they assuredly did give the churches to understand that He was coming quickly; that they might soon expect to see Him; and they never ceased to exhort them to maintain the attitude of constant watchfulness and preparation.
The early church expected the imminent return of Jesus within their lifetime. They were “eagerly awaiting” the coming of Jesus. As Russell pointed out: Why did they expect an imminent 2nd coming? the answer is simple. Jesus and the apostles told them that it would be imminent. Case closed.
The 2nd coming of Jesus is one of great importance and the Bible has a lot to say about it. Let’s look at some verses that talk about the nearness of Christ’s coming. Read the verses and answer the questions.
1. Read Matthew 10:23. Jesus would come before the disciples had a chance to do what? _____________________________________________________________________________
The apostles would preach the gospel to the entire Roman Empire before 70 AD. Jesus said that he would come before they barely finished doing that. Mt 24:14 Jesus said that the apostles would preach the gospel throughout the world and then “the end would come”. Jesus was answering the question they asked him in 24:3 “what will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the age (aeon, a period of time; not kosmos which is the word for the physical world). The 2nd coming and end of the age occur at the same time. The apostles must finish their mission before that happens, and they did. When Paul wrote Colossians in about 62 AD, he said that the gospel had been proclaimed in all creation under heaven”.
2. Read Matthew 16:27-28.
From verse 27. Jesus was going to come with His angels to do what? ______________________
From verse 28. Jesus’ coming would be so soon that some of the disciples would still be what? _______________________________
2 points are critical here. 1) The meaning of the word mello. “Jesus is about to come” (mello). 2) Some listening to him predict this coming would still be alive when it came to pass.
Matthew 16:27-28.
Depending on your translation, the verse says Jesus “Shall” come or “Will” come, etc… The original Greek word for “shall” or “will” is the word “mello.”
Mello always means “about to happen, about to be at a place”. Some say it just mean “certainly to happen, sure to happen”, but that is not how it is used over and over in the NT.
Correctly translated verse 27 should read, “the Son of Man is about to come in the glory of His Father with His angels, and then He will reward each according to his works.”
And according to verse 28, Jesus said that some of those he was talking to would still be alive to see Him coming in his kingdom.
This is a judgment passage. Some say 16:27-28 was fulfilled on the day of Pentecost in 30 AD in Acts 2, but Acts 2 is not a coming in judgment passage. Acts 2 would occur within a year or so after Jesus spoke Mt 16:27-28. It doesn’t make sense that Jesus would add that “some would still be alive” if the event he was predicting would be within a year or so. But if the event was to occur 40 years later (which it did in 70 AD), then that would make more sense.
As we go through the study keep the word “mello” in your mind.
Uses of the word mello in the New Testament.
USE OF “MELLO” TO WARN OF IMMINENT ACTIONS OR EVENTS.
That Greek word “mello” appears 110 times in various forms in the NT. Here are more examples:
Matt 2:13 – Now when they had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, “Rise, take the child and his mother, and flee to Egypt, and remain there until I tell you, for Herod is about to [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is about to] search for the child, to destroy him.”
Matt 20:22 – Jesus answered, “You do not know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I am [Gk: μέλλω : mello : I am about to] to drink?” They said to him, “We are able.”
Mark 10:32 – And they were on the road, going up to Jerusalem, and Jesus was walking ahead of them. And they were amazed, and those who followed were afraid. And taking the twelve again, he began to tell them what was [Gk: μέλλοντα : mellonta : about to] to happen to him
Luke 7:2 – Now a centurion had a servant1 who was sick and at the point of death [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to], who was highly valued by him.
Luke 9:31 – who appeared in glory and spoke of his departure, which he was about to [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to] accomplish at Jerusalem.
Luke 9:44 – “Let these words sink into your ears: The Son of Man is about to [Gk: μέλλει : mellei : is about to] be delivered into the hands of men.”
Zacchaeus ran on ahead and climbed up into a sycamore tree to see Jesus, for he was about to (Gk:ἤμελλεν) pass that way …Luke 19:4
– CC Image courtesy of Good News Productions International and College Press Publishing … FreeBibleimages.org
Luke 10:1 – After this the Lord appointed seventy-two others and sent them on ahead of him, two by two, into every town and place where he himself was about to [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to] go.
Luke 19:4 – So he ran on ahead and climbed up into a sycamore tree to see him, for he was about to [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to] pass that way.
Luke 22:23 – And they began to question one another, which of them it could be who was going to [Gk: μέλλων : mellon : was about to] do this.
John 4:47 – When this man heard that Jesus had come from Judea to Galilee, he went to him and asked him to come down and heal his son, for he was at the point of death [Gk: ἤμελλεν : emellen : was about to].
We can clearly see from the passages above that certain events were “ABOUT TO” happen… IMMEDIATELY or very SOON after.
Matthew 2 – King Herod soon searched for the infant Jesus, just as predicted.
Matthew 20, Mark 10, Luke 9 – The suffering and crucifixion of Jesus did occur within a short time, just as predicted.
Luke 19 – Jesus did in fact pass the sycamore tree, soon after Zacchaeus climbed up to see him, just as predicted.
“Mello” means that something is IMMINENT and “ABOUT TO HAPPEN”. It never means “MANY YEARS FROM NOW” or “SOME TIME IN THE FUTURE” or “2000 YEARS FROM NOW”! Yet that is what some Bible translators want us to believe, whenever “mello” is used in a passage about the parousia (Second Coming) of Christ. It is never used to simply mean “certianly will happen” which is the way it is translated in most translations. Why would the translators not translate correctly as “about to happen”? They might translate it “about to happen” in passages that are not eschatological ones, but they would have problems translating the 2nd coming as “about to happen” b/c of almost 2,00 years of church dogma that said that the 2nd coming had not happened yet. A few translations like Young’s Literal Translation translate mello as “about to happen” correctly even in the eschatological passages we have discussed.
3. Read Matthew 24:29-34.
From verse 29. What did Jesus say would happen to the sun, moon, and stars? _______________
From verse 30. When this happened to the sun, moon, and stars, who or what did Jesus say would appear? _________________________________________________________________
From verse 34. When did Jesus say the things in verse 29 and 30 would take place? __________
Bottom line, Jesus said that the stars would fall and the coming of the Son of Man would happen before “this generation would pass away”. So it is critical that we understand what the word genea means and how it is used in the New Testament.
The Greek word genea.
The word generation is from the Greek word “genea”.
Genea always means a period of about 40 years
This is very similar to how we use the phrases baby boomers generation or X generation.
Genea never means the Jewish “race” with an indefinite time. Many try to define genea as the Jewish race but over and over the word is not used like that.
In the chapter prior to Mt 24, Jesus had just predicted God’s vengeance on the Jewish nation b/c they had killed the prophets. Mt 23:36 “all these things will come upon this generation”. That obviously refers to the Jews living at that time, and not to the Jewish race in general. This is right before 24:34. Why would the word not mean the same in 24:34 as it does in 23:36?
Matthew 1 is a good example of how the word “genea” is used.
Notice that Mt 1:2-16 list lists individual people who lived and died.
Each individual person represents a generation (genea).
This is why verse 17 says, “So all the generations [genea] from Abraham to David are fourteen generations, from David until the captivity in Babylon are fourteen generations [genea], and from the captivity in Babylon until the Christ are fourteen generations [genea]”. The meaning of “genea” is a period of about 40 years or the people living in a period of about 40 years. We use the term tha way when we speak of the baby boomers’ generation, the x generation, the z generation, etc.
And so when Jesus said in Matthew 24:34 that everything had to take place in that generation He was saying those things would take place in the lifetime of the people who lived at that time.
If still uncertain about the meaning of genea, remember Mt 16:27-28. Jesus said some of those he was talking to would still be alive when he returned. That is clear and certain.
Matthew 1:17 So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon to Christ are fourteen generations.
11:16 But to what shall I liken this generation? It is like children sitting in the markets, and calling to their fellows,
12:39 But he answered and said to them, An evil and adulterous generation seeks after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign of the prophet Jonah:
12:41 The men of Nineveh shall rise in judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: because they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and, behold, a greater than Jonah is here.
12:42 The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for she came from the utmost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here.
12:43 When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walks through dry places, seeking rest, and finds none.
12:44 Then he says, I will return into my house from where I came out; and when he comes, he finds it empty, swept, and garnished.
12:45 Then goes he, and takes with himself seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and they enter in and dwell there: and the last state of that man is worse than the first. Even so shall it be also to this wicked generation.
16:4 A wicked and adulterous generation seeks after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign of the prophet Jonah. And he left them, and departed.
17:17 Then Jesus answered and said, O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? bring him here to me.
23:36 Amen I say to you, All these things shall come upon this generation.
24:34 Amen I say to you, This generation shall not pass, until all these things are fulfilled.
Acts 2:40 And with many other words he testified and exhorted, saying, Save yourselves from this crooked generation.
Acts 8:33 In his humiliation his judgment was taken away: and who shall declare his generation? for his life is taken from the earth. Acts 13:36 For David, after he had served his own generation by the will of God, fell asleep, and was laid to his fathers, and saw corruption:
Hebrews 3:10 Therefore I was grieved with that generation, and said, They do always err in their heart; and they have not known my ways.
Notice all the things in Mt 24 that Jesus said would happen in that generation.
24:14 The gospel would be preached to all nations and then “the end” would come. That can’t be the end of the world if it had to happen in that generation It refers to the end of the Jewish Age, a phase used in Daniel 12:4,9,13 to predict the end of the age in 70 AD. The gospel was indeed preached to all the nations before 70 AD according to Paul (Colossians 1:23).
24:15 The “abomination of desolation” of the temple as predicted by Daniel 9:26,27; 12:11 would be fulfilled in that generation. That could only refer to the destruction of the temple by the Romans 40 years later in 70 AD. Daniel 12:11 the abomination of desolation would mark the “end”, the “end of the days” (12:13), just as in Mt 24.
24:21 “At that time” (the same time as the abomination of desolation) great tribulation would occur such as never before occurred. This was predicted also by Daniel 12:1 and referred to tribulation the Jews endured during the siege and destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. This does not refer to a tribulation that is still in our future as many claim in their pre and post tributlation theories of the 2nd coming. 24:21 refers to a tribulation of suffering the Jewish people would endure in the events of the destruction of the temple in 70 AD. According to Josephus, over a million Jews died through the famine in the city or at the hands of the Romans, and another 200 thousand were carried into captivity.
24:29-30 “Immediately after the tribulation of those days” the sun and moon will be darkened and the stars will fall, the tribes of the earth will mourn (i.e. the Jews who crucified Jesus), they (i.e. those tribes) will see the Son of Man coming in the clouds. Unless the stars literally fell in that generation, this must be figurative language, just as used to describe the fall of Babylon (Isaiah 13:10, 13 the stars cease giving light and the earth shaken out of its place), the fall of Egypt (Isaiah 19:1 the Lord riding on a swift cloud to come to judge Egypt), and the fall of Edom (Isaiah 34:4 the heavens will be rolled up like a scroll and all the hosts or stars will fall). That is typical figurative judgment language that is also used in Mt 24:29-30.
24:30 “the tribes will mourn and they will see the coming of the Son of Man in power and glory”. This had to occur within that generation, within the next 40 years. Jesus did come in judgment on the Jews in 70 AD. Did they actually see the body of Jesus coming on a cloud or does this simply mean that He came in judgment by sending the Romans to judge the Jews? It doesn’t matter. He came back within that generation and this must refer to 70 AD.
Notice the chronological sequence of events as outlined above. The abomination of desolation, “at that time” a tribulation on the Jews, “immediately after the tribulation” the 2nd coming, “this generation will not pass away till all these things take place”. You can’t pull the tribulation out of that sequence and say that it is predicting something at least 2,000 years later.
Does Mt 24 discuss one coming back of Jesus or two?
Many say that Mt 24:1-35 predicts events to occur in that generation, but that 24:36-51 changes to a discussion of a coming of Jesus in the distant future (going on 2,000 years now).
Why would anyone think that Jesus changed the topic of his predictions in 24:1-35?
Notice 24:40-41. One man taken, one left at the coming of the Son of Man, just like in the flood. One woman taken, one left. In the flood, the one taken was the wicked and they were destroyed. The one left was Noah and family, the righteous. That also fits the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. The wicked Jews were destroyed and the righteous Jews escaped and went to Pella according to Eusebius. This shows that the discussion of 24:36-51 is still discussing 70 AD and not some distant future coming of Jesus.
Many try to use 24:40-41 to describe the rapture or taking up of the righteous at some future coming of Jesus, but that is just the opposite of the meaning of 24:40-41.
Mt 23:34-36 In this passage spoken just before Mt 24, Jesus said that “generation” (genea) of Jews would be judged because of their killing of the Old Testament prophets and the apostles whom he would send out. Notice the use of genea in 23:36.
The parallel account of the Olivet Discourse in Mt 24 is also found in Luke 21. Notice all the things that Luke said would happen within that generation (21:32).
21:20 When you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies (i.e. the Roman armies).
21:36 Pray that you have the strength to escape all the things that are about to take place (mello again). This confirms that the events in Mt 24 were “about to take place”. This verse is critical. Luke 21 describes the same events as Mt 24. Lk 21:32 just like Mt 24:34 says that “this generation wll not pass until all has taken place”. But the addition of Lk 21:36 says that all the events predicted in Lk 21 were “about to take place”. That means that the word “generation” in 21:32 can’t mean just the “Jewish race” over the next 2,00 years. It must mean a period of 40 years and the Jews living at that time.
4. Read Matthew 24:62-64.
From verse 64. What did Jesus say Caiaphas the high priest would see. ___________________
Jesus said that Caiaphas would see the Son of Man coming on the clouds. So did he? Did he live till at least the start of the Jewish War in 67 AD (the coming of the son of Man referred to the period of coming in judgment and not just one day in the year 70 AD when the tempe was finally destroyed). If Caiaphas did not live to see the coming of the Son of Man, then is Jesus a false prophet?
From revelation revolution.org this quote:
Caiaphas Probably Lived to Witness the Jewish War:Though it is not Known when Caiaphas Died, He may have lived to Witness at Least the Start of the Jewish War Since He was Probably Younger than His Father-in-Law Who was 87 when the Jewish War Began.
Historically the Jewish high priest served in this role for life. However, this changed during the Roman Empire when high priests were essentially Roman puppets who served out their terms until they fell out of favor and were deposed. Caiaphas served as high priest from A.D. 18 to around A.D. 36 when he was deposed by the proconsul Vitellius (Antiquities 18.95). It is not known how long Caiaphas lived after this point;2 however, I believe that it is likely that he lived to witness at least the start of the Jewish War. Caiaphas was the son-in-law of the high priest Ananus. Ananus served as high priest until A.D. 15 when he was deposed at the age of 36. It is also not known when Ananus died, but if Ananus was 36 in A.D. 15 he would have been 87 at the start of the Jewish War in A.D. 66. Since Caiaphas was Ananus’ son-in-law Caiaphas was probably younger than that at the time. Though it is not known when Caiaphas died based on his probable age range it is certainly quite likely that he survived to witness the beginning of the Jewish War in A.D. 66.
Caiaphas and Ananus Probably Lived to Witness the Jewish War:The High Priest Addressed by Jesus in Mark 14:61-62 also appears to be Ananus. Ananus also may have survived to see Jesus coming on the Clouds of Heaven. (Just like Jesus predicted).
That’s it! Those are the only 4 second coming predictions in the gospels!
These are the only 4 passages in Matthew (or in the parallel gospels of Mark and Luke) where Jesus predicts a coming back. All 4 predict a coming back (2nd coming) within the lifetime or generation of those he was talking to.
Atheists, Muslims, and non Christian Jews all say that Jesus was a false prophet since they say his predictions of an imminent 2nd coming did not come true.
William Miller predicted the 2nd coming would happen in 1843 AD but it did not happed (the event was called “the great disappointment”). Therefore he was a false prophet.
There have been over 200 such predictions of the 2nd coming by various false prophets and none of those predictions came true.
What do you think? If Jesus’ 2nd coming was not in that generation as he predicted, would he be a false prophet also? _________________________________________________________________________
The quote of C.S.Lewis is interesting.
When referring to the predictions of Jesus concerning his 2nd coming, C.S. Lewis in his essay “The World’s Last Night” concludes that at least one of the prophecies of Jesus was a failed one:
“Say what you like,” we shall be told, “the apocalyptic beliefs of the first Christians have been proved to be false. It is clear from the New Testament that they all expected the Second Coming in their own lifetime. And, worse still, they had a reason, and one which you will find very embarrassing. Their Master had told them so. He shared, and indeed created, their delusion. He said in so many words, ‘This generation shall not pass till all these things be done.’ And he was wrong. He clearly knew no more about the end of the world than anyone else.” [the above paragraph is what C.S. Lewis puts in the mouth of imaginary critics. In the next paragraph, he responds to the criticism]
It is certainly the most embarrassing verse in the Bible. Yet how teasing, also, that within fourteen words of it should come the statement “But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father.” The one exhibition of error and the one confession of ignorance grow side by side.
Not everyone can accept C.S.Lewis’ response and still have faith in Jesus
Here is the quote of an atheist, Bertrand Russell.
Bertrand Russell, in his essay “Why I Am Not A Christian” says this:
For one thing, he certainly thought that His second coming would occur in clouds of glory before the death of all the people who were living at that time. There are a great many texts that prove that. He says, for instance, “Ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel till the Son of Man be come.” Then he says, “There are some standing here which shall not taste death till the Son of Man comes into His kingdom”; and there are a lot of places where it is quite clear that He believed that His second coming would happen during the lifetime of many then living.
But maybe he predicted an imminent 2nd coming but delayed it.
Many will admit that Jesus predicted that his 2nd coming would be in that generation, but they say that he “delayed” his coming.
Hebrews 10:37 puts that theory to rest. For yet in a very little while, He who is coming will come and will not delay.
The reason many say he delayed his coming is because they, just like most of the Jews living when Jesus came the first time, are looking for Jesus to set up a physical kingdom when he comes the 2nd time. That is why most of the Jews rejected Jesus as the Messiah.
He did set up His kingdom in the first century. He preached “the kingdom (i.e. the kingdom of Daniel 2:44) is at hand”, so it had to come soon after that or he would be a false prophet. He said in John 18:36 that his kingdom was not of this world. He never intended to set up a physical kingdom, back then or any time in the future.
In Mt 16:28 he said that some would still be alive to see him coming “in his kingdom”.
In Mt 16:16-18 He equated the kingdom with the church and gave Peter the keys to the kingdom. Did Peter use those keys to let people into the kingdom? Yes. In Acts 2 Peter preached the first gospel sermon and 3,000 were baptized, becoming Christians and entering the church kingdom.
Paul said in Colossians 1:13 You have been translated into the kingdom of His beloved Son.
In Rev 1:6 John said that Jesus had formed the Christians into a kingdom, priest to God the Father.
A Challenge:
Obviously the only “coming back”, i.e. a 2nd coming, that Jesus predicted was to occur within that generation of those living when he spoke to them. I challenge you to find a verse anywhere in the gospels where He predicted a coming (a 3rd coming?) that would not be within that generation (one that still hasn’t happened going on 2,000 years now).
Write out the verse here and where you found it (if you find it).
If you do not find it, then isn’t it strange that in the synoptic gospels that Jesus never predicted a coming back that would not happen within that generation? Why would church dogma for 2,000 years use these verses we have studied in this lesson to predict a coming back in our future except that they didn’t understand the passages correctly. They were looking for a 2nd coming that would end the world and a 2nd coming in 70 AD did not fit their expectations.
In the next lesson, we will look at what the apostles said about the 2nd coming.
Here is a map of Paul’s voyage to Rome as a prisoner when he appealed to Caesar. Notice the island of Crete where they planned to spend the winter but the hurricane winds blew them out to sea for 14 days out of control. Notice the island of Malta where they shipwrecked and Paul was bitten by a poisonous snake but unharmed. Notice Rome where he spent 2 years in house arrest and wrote the prison epistles of Ephesians, Pilippians, Colossian, and Philemon.
AUTHOR: The apostle Paul (Phl 1:1), joined in his salutation by Timothy. Personal references by the author (Phl 1:12-14; 2:19-24; 3:4-7; 4:15-16) are certainly consistent with what we know of Paul from other New Testament sources. Paul’s authorship of this letter is also supported by the testimony of early “church fathers” such as Polycarp and Irenaeus.
THE CITY OF PHILIPPI: Named after Philip of Macedonia, the father of Alexander the Great, it was a major city of Macedonia on the road from Rome to Asia known as the Egnatian Way. It was the site of a famous battle in 42 B.C. in which Antony and Octavius defeated Brutus and Cassius. In 30 B.C., Octavian made the town a Roman colony where retired soldiers could live and enjoy the full privileges of Roman citizenship (to which Paul may have alluded in Phl 3:20).
THE CHURCH AT PHILIPPI: During his second missionary journey (49-52 A.D.), Paul and his traveling companions (Timothy and Silas) were making their way across Asia Minor (Turkey) when Paul received a vision at Troas. In the vision, a man of Macedonia pleaded, “Come over to Macedonia and help us.” Perceiving that the Lord was calling them to go to Macedonia, they sailed from Troas (Luke having joined them) and eventually arrived at Philippi (Ac 16:6-12).
With the conversion of Lydia (Ac 16:13-15) and the Philippian jailor (Ac 16:25-34), the church was established at Philippi. The lack of a synagogue seems to indicate that Jews were not prevalent and so the church may have consisted primarily of Gentiles. From the conversion of Lydia and references in the epistle itself (Phl 4:2-3), it is evident that a number of women played a role in the growth of the church.
When it became necessary for Paul to leave, Luke seems to have stayed at Philippi (based upon careful observations of personal pronouns; e.g., “we, they”, cf. Ac 16:12; 17:1). As Paul left Macedonia, the church at Philippi became a significant source of support (Phl 4:15-16; 2 Co 11:9).
Paul visited the church at Philippi again on his third missionary journey (Ac 20:3,6).
TIME AND PLACE OF WRITING: Philippians is one of Paul’s four “prison epistles” (Phl 1:7,13,17; cf. Ephesians, Colossians, and Philemon). The general consensus is that these epistles were written during Paul’s imprisonment at Rome (cf. Ac 28:16,30-31). If such is truly the case, then Paul wrote Philippians around 61-63 A.D. from Rome.
PURPOSE OF THE EPISTLE: The church at Philippi had sent a gift to Paul in Rome by the hand of Epaphroditus (Phl 4:10,18). Paul uses this occasion not only to thank them, but to comfort them concerning his situation as a prisoner for Jesus Christ (Phl 1:12-14). He also writes of his plans to send Timothy soon (Phl 2:19-24), and why he considered it necessary to send Epaphroditus back to them (Phl 2:25-30). There may have also been a problem at Philippi involving two women, for Paul has a few words to say concerning them (Phl 4:2-3).
THEME OF THE EPISTLE: Throughout this short and rather personal epistle, one keynote resounds again and again. That keynote is joy. Five times the word “joy” (Grk., chara) is found (Phl 1:4,25; 2:2,29; 4:1), and the verb “to rejoice” (Grk., chairein) occurs eleven times (twice in Phl 1:18; 2:17,18; 4:4; once in Phl 2:28; 3:1; 4:10). For this reason, the epistle to the Philippians has often been called Paul’s “hymn of joy” in which the theme is: “Rejoice in the Lord!”
“Rejoice in the Lord always. Again I will say, rejoice!”
Here is a map of Paul’s 2nd missionary journey during which he established the church at Philippi.
From an article by Brian Tabb:
Joy is “a feeling of great pleasure and happiness.” It’s the emotion we feel when life is good — when the sun is shining, when our team is winning, when we are healthy, happy, and heartened. Most people do not typically speak of the happiness of heartbreak, the pleasure of migraines, or the bliss of losing.
Philippians is the most joyful book in the Bible — the apostle Paul uses the Greek words for joy and rejoicing sixteen times in only 104 verses. And yet he writes from a dingy Roman prison, a place we would typically associate with misery and trial, which most people assume are the opposites of joy. He’s surrounded by every conceivable obstacle to joy, so why does he seem so happy?
Here is a neat list of the 7 topics covered in the letter. from blueletterbible.org. I will try to make note of most of the places where the word joy or rejoice is found, which is the theme of the book.
1:1-12 A personal “prayer with joy” (1:4) for their love and faith and enduring suffering with him for the gospel.
List the 7 main sections of this epistle.
1)1:12-26 The situation in Rome. Paul circumstances, i.e. as a prisoner, had turned out for the good of the gospel b/c he had been allowed freedom under house arrest to preach the gospel which led to the conversion of some of the Praetorian Guard (a special guard to protect the emperor). He could even “rejoice” (1:18) that some were trying to undermine him and yet at least they were preaching Christ. A similar thing happened on his visit to Philippi when he and Silas were put in prison and yet were singing songs of joy and praise to God which led to the conversion of the jailor and his household. When bad things or circumstances happen to you, can you look for how God might use your bad circumstances to spread the gospel and help others?
2) 1:19-30 Exhortation to behavior worthy of the gospel even if they had to suffer for their faith as Paul did. He would “rejoice” (1:18) knowing their prayers and the Holy Spirit might lead to his freedom from prison. Paul went on to say that he would actually prefer to die and go to be with Jesus (to die is gain) but that he would probably get out of prison (at least this first imprisonment for he would end up being beheaded in his 2nd imprisonment later) which would allow him to preach the gospel more (to live is Christ’ benefit). The Philippian Christians continued to suffer after Paul left after establishing the church there (he left b/c Jews followed him to the city to try to kill him and he had to flee). So there might be a tendency for them to be ashamed of Paul being a prisoner as if he were a convict. They should not be ashamed of his suffering.
3) 2:1-18 He urges them to “comlete his joy” (2:2) by being united in love. He gives an admonition to have the same attitude of humility as Jesus did in giving up equality with God to lower himself to become a man and die a suffering death. Seek not your own interests, but put the interests of others ahead of yours, just like Jesus did. Work out your salvation with fear and trembling for it is God working in you to do His will and pleasure. Don’t grumble and complain, which is what many do when things are not going well. Be lights in a dark ungodly world of darkness. He will be “glad and rejoice” with them even if he ends up dying in prison (2:17). “Be glad and rejoice with me” (2:18).
4) 2:19-30 Plans involving Timothy and Epaphroditus. Paul praises Timothy, his child in the faith, for his unselfish service to others and planned to send him to Philippi to tell them how he was doing. He also praised Epaphroditus, who had almost died serving Paul and the Philippians. He knew they would “rejoice” to see Epaphroditus (2:28) so “receive him with all joy” (2:29).
5) 3:1-21 So “rejoice in the Lord” 3:1, but he gives warnings against the Judaizers who were trying make Gentile Christians keep the Law of Moses and even getting Jewish Christians to put their trust in Law keeping instead of Jesus and the grace of God. Paul said that he was righteous under the Law but that righteousness could not save him. Instead he found the righteousness which is by faith in Jesus that did save him. He had put his past behind him and was pressing on toward the goal of the prize of eternal life. He encouraged the readers to do the same and to beware of the Judaizers who whose god was their belly (preaching for money) and who enemies of the cross and the grace in Christ. HIs citizenship was in heaven, not on earth.
6) 4:1-9 The Philippians were his “joy and crown” (4:1). I know my converts in mission work and Christian education, however many they may be, will be my joy and reward when I die. He urges two women members, who apparently are having conflict, to get along. He gives the famous “rejoice in the Lord always, again I say rejoice 4:4 (the simple song with those words). The coming of the Lord was “at hand”. The early church lived in constant expectation that Jesus would come back in their lifetime, just as Jesus predicted that he would. The apostles also predicted that. My favorite verses, 4:6-7. Be anxious in nothing, but in everything give thanks and the peace of God wil guard your hearts and minds (although I still worry too much). Let your mind dwell on good things, not worldly or bad things. Exhortations to unity, joy, and peace
7) 4:10-20 He “rejoiced” (4:10) that they had sent him supplies through Epaphroditus while he was in prison to meet his needs, although he assures them that he had learned the secret of “contentment” in whatever circumstances he was in, whether good or bad. They had sent him support when he worked left Philippi to go preach in Athens and Corinth. Paul would never accept money from the people he was preaching to in any location, but he did accept their help while establishing the church in Corinth so that he could spend more time preaching instead of supporting himself fully by tent making. He was confident that God would supply the needs of the Philippians in the future. He gives thanks for their generosityd
4:21-23 He closes the letter with greetings from the saints in Rome and from members of Caesar’s household that apparently had been converted.
Here is the outline given in blueletterbible.org It is a great outline to use your study of the letter.
Also helpful in the outline you can click on the verses referred to in each point and they will pop up.
Here are some OT verses on joy.
Psalm 37:4: “Delight yourself in the Lord”
Psalm 32:11: “Be glad in the Lord and rejoice”
Psalm 16:11: “In your presence there is fullness of joy; at your right hand are pleasures forevermore”
Psalm 118:24: “This is the day which the LORD hath made; We will rejoice and be glad in it”
Isaiah 61:10: “I will have much joy in the Lord. My soul will have joy in my God”
Psalm 30:5: For his anger lasts only a moment, but his favor lasts a lifetime; weeping may stay for the night, but rejoicing comes in the morning.
Proverbs 10:28: “The prospect of the righteous is joy, but the hopes of the wicked come to nothing”
Psalm 126:4-6: “The Lord has done great things for us, and we are filled with joy”
Psalm 28:7: “My heart leaps for joy and I will give thanks to him in song”
Proverbs 17:22 ~ A joyful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones.
Psalms 47:1 Clap your hands, all you nations; shout to God with cries of joy.
Isaiah 35:10 and those the LORD has rescued will return. They will enter Zion with singing; everlasting joy will crown their heads. Gladness and joy will overtake them, and sorrow and sighing will flee away.
Ecclesiastes 9:7 Go, eat your food with gladness, and drink your wine with a joyful heart, for God has already approved what you do.
Nehemiah 8:10 Nehemiah said, “Go and enjoy choice food and sweet drinks, and send some to those who have nothing prepared. This day is holy to our Lord. Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength.” (The song The joy of the Lord will be my strength).
Psalm 100:1 Make a joyful noise to the Lord, all the earth! 2 Serve the Lord with gladness! Come into his presence with singing!
Psalms 27:6 Then my head will be exalted above the enemies who surround me; at his sacred tent I will sacrifice with shouts of joy; I will sing and make music to the LORD.
Here are some good NT verses.
Romans 14:17 For the kingdom of God is not a matter of eating and drinking, but of righteousness, peace and joy in the Holy Spirit,
John 16:22 So with you: Now is your time of grief, but I will see you again and you will rejoice, and no one will take away your joy.
1 Peter 1:8-98 Though you have not seen him, you love him; and even though you do not see him now, you believe in him and are filled with an inexpressible and glorious joy,9 for you are receiving the end result of your faith, the salvation of your souls.
James 1:2-32 Consider it pure joy, my brothers and sisters, whenever you face trials of many kinds,3 because you know that the testing of your faith produces perseverance.
Galatians 5:22 ~ But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,
Romans 12:12 ~ Rejoice in hope, be patient in tribulation, be constant in prayer.
Romans 12:15 Rejoice with those who rejoice, weep with those who weep.
IN CONCLUSION:
Christians ought to be the most joyful and happiest people on earth b/c of the hope of eternal life. Even when we are suffering greatly, we can rejoice knowing that we have an eternal place of joy waiting for us where there will be no pain or death. We can have internal everlasting joy even while on earth even when we are crying on the outside for whatever reason. So why am I not happier and more joyful? Maybe it is b/c my mind is not “set on the things that are above, but instead set on the things of the earth” (Colossian 3:1-4).
Jesus is our example. Hebrews 12: 2 fixing our eyes on Jesus, the pioneer and perfecter of faith. For the joy set before him he endured the cross, scorning its shame, and sat down at the right hand of the throne of God. He was not laughing or happy on the cross. He was suffering so much that he prayed, “My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me”. And yet he kept the prospect of being reunited with the Father after his ascension before him as his motivation to endure.
Here are some ways to be more joyful in the Lord: From the internet:
Spend time with God: Consistently spending time in God’s presence can increase joy.
Remember God’s goodness: Meditate on God’s goodness and faithfulness to you.
Express gratitude: Thank God for His blessings.
Read the Bible: Make reading the Bible a priority and try to understand what you can learn about God as a person.
Pray: Pray throughout the day, even for small things, or to praise God.
Ask for more: Ask God for more, even if you feel guilty about it.
Find God everywhere: Try to find God in everyday life.
Have a clear conscience: Unaddressed sin can diminish joy.
Prioritize God’s Word: Consider who you listen to the most and how their words encourage or discourage your meditation on God’s Word.
My prayer is that we can all be more joyful in the Lord at all times. “Rejoice in the Lord always, and again I say rejoice” (Phil 4:4).
Nicky's Notes 